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<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>7、代入规则与替换规则</b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(1)代入实例</b> <br>
给定一个 命题公式
B,设 P1,P2,…,Pn 是 B 中的全部命题变元。如果<br>
(l)用某个命题公式 Ai 取代 B 中的某个变元 Pi;<br>
(2)若用 Ai 取代 Pi,则必须用 Ai 取代 B 中出现的所有 Pi, <br>
则由此而得到的命题公式 A,称为是命题公式 B 的代入实例。 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(2)代入规则</b><br>
若原公式为永真式,则它的代入实例也为永真式。 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> <b> (3)子公式</b> <br>
给定命题公式
A,设 A’是 A 的任何部分。 如果 A’也是一个命题公式(可以是原子的或分子的),则称
A’是 A 的子公式。
</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> <b> (4)替换规则</b> <br>
给定一个命题公式
A,设 A’是 A 的子公 式。设 B’是一个命题公式。如果 A’<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B',则对于用B’取代
A 中 的 A’而生成的新命题公式 B, 有A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B。 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> <b> 8、举例</b> </p>
<blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>1、化简下列各式</b> </p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P</li>
<li>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(((P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)</li>
</ol>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>2、证明下列各式</b></p>
<ol>
<li>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R
(<a href="#ZZB" target="_self">真值表法</a>)</li>
<li>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)</li>
<li>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)</li>
</ol>
</blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>9、对偶原理</b> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(1)对偶公式</b> <br>
给定两个限定性命题公式(仅含联结词<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">的命题公式)
A 和 A',若用<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">代换<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,用<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">代换<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">,用
T 代换 F,用 F 代换 T,代换之后,一个命题公式可由另一个命题公式得来,则称
A 和 A'是互为对偶式。 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> 如:(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q)
与 (P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q)<br>
P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">T
与 P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">F </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(2)定理1</b><br>
设A和A'是对偶公式,P1,P2,P3…Pn为在A,A'中出现的所有的变元,则有<br>
<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">A(P1,P2,P3…Pn)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">A'(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P1,<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P2,<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P3…<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Pn) </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> 如:A=<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R
A'=<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(3)定理2(对偶定理)<br>
</b> 设A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B,且A、B为命题变元P1,P2,P3…Pn和联结词<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">构成的公式,A'与B'分别为A、B的对偶公式,则A'<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B'。<br>
如: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R) <br>
P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R) <br>
设A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B,且A、B为命题变元P1,P2,P3…Pn和联结词<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">构成的公式,A'与B'分别为A、B的对偶公式,则B'<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">A'。<br>
如: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P <br>
P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q
(<a href="#dengjiashi" target="_self">公式表</a>) </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" align="center" style="line-height: 150%"><a name="ZZB"></a>P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R
真值表证明法 </p>
<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-text-raise: -2.0pt" lang="EN-US">
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<center>
<table border="1" width="72%">
<tr>
<td width="9%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P</p>
</td>
<td width="10%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">Q</p>
</td>
<td width="10%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">R</p>
</td>
<td width="14%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R</td>
<td width="14%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q</td>
<td width="21%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)</td>
<td width="22%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="9%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</p>
</td>
<td width="10%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</p>
</td>
<td width="10%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</p>
</td>
<td width="14%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</td>
<td width="14%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</td>
<td width="21%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</td>
<td width="22%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="9%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</p>
</td>
<td width="10%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</p>
</td>
<td width="10%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</p>
</td>
<td width="14%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</td>
<td width="14%" align="center">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</td>
<td width="21%" align="center">
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