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📁 实用的离散数学课件
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          </tr>                                      
        </table>                                      
        </center>                                      
      </div>                                      
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>                                   
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>7、代入规则与替换规则</b></p>                                   
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(1)代入实例</b> <br>                                   
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;给定一个 命题公式                                             
        B,设 P1,P2,…,Pn 是 B 中的全部命题变元。如果<br>                                            
        (l)用某个命题公式 Ai 取代 B 中的某个变元 Pi;<br>                                            
        (2)若用 Ai 取代 Pi,则必须用 Ai 取代 B 中出现的所有 Pi, <br>                                            
        则由此而得到的命题公式 A,称为是命题公式 B 的代入实例。  </p>                                            
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(2)代入规则</b><br>                                    
       &nbsp; 若原公式为永真式,则它的代入实例也为永真式。 </p>                                          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> <b> (3)子公式</b> <br>                                        
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;给定命题公式                                           
        A,设 A’是 A 的任何部分。  如果 A’也是一个命题公式(可以是原子的或分子的),则称                                             
        A’是 A 的子公式。                                            
           </p>                                          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> <b> (4)替换规则</b> <br>                                        
         &nbsp;                                        
      给定一个命题公式                                            
        A,设 A’是 A 的子公 式。设 B’是一个命题公式。如果 A’<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B',则对于用B’取代                                             
        A 中 的 A’而生成的新命题公式 B, 有A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B。   </p>                                            
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>                                          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> <b> 8、举例</b> </p>                                        
      <blockquote>    
        <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>1、化简下列各式</b> </p>                                        
        <ol>    
          <li>    
            <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P</li>    
          <li>    
            <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(((P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)</li>    
        </ol>    
        <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>2、证明下列各式</b></p>    
        <ol>    
          <li>    
            <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R&nbsp;&nbsp;       
            (<a href="#ZZB" target="_self">真值表法</a>)</li>    
          <li>    
            <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)</li>    
          <li>    
            <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)</li>    
        </ol>    
      </blockquote>    
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>9、对偶原理</b> </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(1)对偶公式</b> <br>                                        
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;给定两个限定性命题公式(仅含联结词<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">的命题公式)                                             
        A 和 A',若用<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">代换<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,用<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">代换<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">,用                                             
        T 代换 F,用 F 代换 T,代换之后,一个命题公式可由另一个命题公式得来,则称                                             
        A 和 A'是互为对偶式。 </p>                                            
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 如:(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q)&nbsp;&nbsp;       
      与&nbsp; (P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q)<br>      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">T&nbsp;&nbsp;       
      与&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">F </p>                                           
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(2)定理1</b><br>    
      &nbsp; 设A和A'是对偶公式,P1,P2,P3…Pn为在A,A'中出现的所有的变元,则有<br>      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
      <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">A(P1,P2,P3…Pn)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">A'(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P1,<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P2,<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P3…<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Pn) </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 如:A=<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
      A'=<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(3)定理2(对偶定理)<br>    
      </b>&nbsp; 设A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B,且A、B为命题变元P1,P2,P3…Pn和联结词<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">构成的公式,A'与B'分别为A、B的对偶公式,则A'<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B'。<br>      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 如:&nbsp; P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>      
      &nbsp; 设A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B,且A、B为命题变元P1,P2,P3…Pn和联结词<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">构成的公式,A'与B'分别为A、B的对偶公式,则B'<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">A'。<br>      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 如:&nbsp; P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
      (<a href="#dengjiashi" target="_self">公式表</a>) </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">  </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">  </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">  </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">  </p>                                         
      <p style="line-height: 150%" align="center" style="line-height: 150%"><a name="ZZB"></a>P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R&nbsp;&nbsp;       
      真值表证明法 </p>                                         
      <span style="font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-text-raise: -2.0pt" lang="EN-US">    
      <div align="center">    
        <center>    
        <table border="1" width="72%">    
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            <td width="9%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P</p>    
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            <td width="10%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">Q</p>    
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            <td width="10%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">R</p>    
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            <td width="14%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R</td>    
            <td width="14%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q</td>    
            <td width="21%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)</td>    
            <td width="22%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R&nbsp;</td>    
          </tr>    
          <tr>    
            <td width="9%" align="center">    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</p>    
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              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</td>    
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              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</td>    
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              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">1</p>    
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              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">0</td>    
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