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📁 实用的离散数学课件
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      <p style="line-height: 150%" align="center" style="line-height: 150%"><font size="4"><b>重言式</b></font></p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>1、指派</b><br>
      &nbsp; 由n个不同的命题变元构成的公式<img src="Image/conten1.gif" width="92" height="15"> , 命题变元的真值有<img src="Image/2den.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="13" height="12">种不同的组合,其中每一组取定的组合称为公式的一组指派。</p>                                          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">&nbsp;                                         
      使得公式的真值为真的指派称为<b>成真指派</b>;<br>                                      
      &nbsp; 使得公式的真值为假的指派称为<b>成假指派</b>;<br>                                        
      &nbsp; 公式的每个变元都有确定的真值的指派称为<b>完全指派;</b>否则为<b>不完全指派。</b></p>                                          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>例:</b>公式A=P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R&nbsp;<br>                                      
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 其指派有:(F,F,F)&nbsp; (T,F,T)&nbsp; (T,X,T)&nbsp;            
      (F,X,T)</p>                                       
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>2、</b>                            
      </p>                            
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(1)</b><b>永真式(重言式):</b><br>
      &nbsp; 无论命题变元的取值如何,公式的值均为真。<br>                                       
      </p>                                     
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(2)永假式(矛盾式,不可满足的):</b><br>                                     
      &nbsp; 无论命题变元的取值如何,公式的值均为假。<br>                                       
      </p>                                     
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(3)可满足式</b><br>                                     
      &nbsp; 公式至少存在一个成真指派。</p>                                       
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(4)非永真式</b><br>                                     
      &nbsp; 公式至少存在一个成假指派。<br>                                       
      </p>                                     
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>3、恒等式(逻辑等价)</b><br>                                     
        &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;给定两个命题公式                                          
        A 和 B,设 P1,P2,…, Pn 是出现于 A 和 B 中的所有命题变元。若对于这                                              
        n 个命题变元的所有可能真值指派组合,命题公式                                              
        A 给出的真值都等于命题公式 B 给出的真值,则称命题公式                                              
        A 等价于命题公式 B,并记作A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B。</p>                                             
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">                                       
        &nbsp; 即,两个公式A,B恒同真假,则A<img border="0" src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">B为永真式,也可记为                                         
        A<img border="0" src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">B=1。</p>                                          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>4、永真蕴含</b><br>                                         
      &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;当且仅当 A<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B                                              
        是一个永真式,称命题公式                                              
        A 永真蕴涵命题公式 B,并记作 A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B,可读成                                              
        A 蕴涵 B。</p>                                             
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">&nbsp; 即, A<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B=1,也即,<img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">B<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">A=1</p>                                            
      <blockquote>          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>性质1:</b><br>                                      
      &nbsp; 若A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B、B<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">C,则A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">C;若A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B、B<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">C,则A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">C。</p>                                            
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>性质2:</b><br>                                      
      &nbsp; 若A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B、A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">C,则A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">C</p>                                           
      </blockquote>          
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>5、<a name="dengjiashi"></a>等价式:</b></p>                                        
      <div align="center">                                    
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        <table border="0" width="424">                                    
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            <td width="416">                                    
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">                                       
        E1: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (双重否定)<br>                                         
        E2: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (交换律)<br>                                         
        E3: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">P<br>                                            
        E4: (P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (结合律)<br>                                         
        E5: (P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<br>                                            
        E6: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (分配律)<br>                                         
        E7: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<br>                                            
              E8: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (DEMORGAN)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>    
              E9: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<br>                                            
        E10: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">P<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<br>                                            
        E11: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">P<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<br>                                            
        E12: R<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">R&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (吸收律)<br>                                         
        E13: R<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">R<br>                                            
        E14: R<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">T<br>                                            
        E15: R<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">F<br>                                            
        E16: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (联结词化归律)<br>                                         
        E17: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>                                            
        E18: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>                                            
        E19: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<br>                                            
        E20: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>                                            
        E21: P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">P)<br>                                            
        E22: P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<br>       
              E23: (P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
              (归缪律)<br>    
              E24: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">T<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">T<br>      
              E25: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">F<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">F</td>                                        
          </tr>                                      
        </table>                                      
        </center>                                      
      </div>                                      
      <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>6、<a name="yunhanshi"></a>蕴含式:</b>                                       
      </p>                                       
      <div align="center">                                   
        <center>                                   
        <table border="0" width="70%">                                   
          <tr>                                   
            <td width="100%">                                   
              <p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">                                      
        I1: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
        (化简式)<br>                                         
        I2: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>                                            
        I3: P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
        (附加式)<br>                                         
        I4: Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q<br>                                            
        I5: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>                                            
        I6: Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>                                            
        I7: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<br>                                            
        I8: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>                                            
        I9: P,Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<br>                                            
        I10: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P,P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">Q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
        (析取三段论)<br>                                         
        I11: P,P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">Q&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
        (假言推理)<br>                                         
        I12: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q,P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
        (拒绝式)                                          
        <br>                                         
        I13: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q,Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<br>                                            
        I14: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q,P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R,Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">R&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;       
        (穷举推理)<br>    
        I15: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)</td>                                        

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