📄 content-1-2-1.htm
字号:
<html>
<head>
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312">
<style type="text/css">
</style>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" background="IMAGE/di.gif">
<table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr>
<td>
<p style="line-height: 150%" align="center" style="line-height: 150%"><font size="4"><b>重言式</b></font></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>1、指派</b><br>
由n个不同的命题变元构成的公式<img src="Image/conten1.gif" width="92" height="15"> , 命题变元的真值有<img src="Image/2den.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="13" height="12">种不同的组合,其中每一组取定的组合称为公式的一组指派。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">
使得公式的真值为真的指派称为<b>成真指派</b>;<br>
使得公式的真值为假的指派称为<b>成假指派</b>;<br>
公式的每个变元都有确定的真值的指派称为<b>完全指派;</b>否则为<b>不完全指派。</b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>例:</b>公式A=P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R <br>
其指派有:(F,F,F) (T,F,T) (T,X,T)
(F,X,T)</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>2、</b>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(1)</b><b>永真式(重言式):</b><br>
无论命题变元的取值如何,公式的值均为真。<br>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(2)永假式(矛盾式,不可满足的):</b><br>
无论命题变元的取值如何,公式的值均为假。<br>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(3)可满足式</b><br>
公式至少存在一个成真指派。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>(4)非永真式</b><br>
公式至少存在一个成假指派。<br>
</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>3、恒等式(逻辑等价)</b><br>
给定两个命题公式
A 和 B,设 P1,P2,…, Pn 是出现于 A 和 B 中的所有命题变元。若对于这
n 个命题变元的所有可能真值指派组合,命题公式
A 给出的真值都等于命题公式 B 给出的真值,则称命题公式
A 等价于命题公式 B,并记作A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">
即,两个公式A,B恒同真假,则A<img border="0" src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">B为永真式,也可记为
A<img border="0" src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">B=1。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>4、永真蕴含</b><br>
当且仅当 A<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B
是一个永真式,称命题公式
A 永真蕴涵命题公式 B,并记作 A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B,可读成
A 蕴涵 B。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"> 即, A<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B=1,也即,<img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">B<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">A=1</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>性质1:</b><br>
若A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">B、B<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">C,则A<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">C;若A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B、B<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">C,则A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">C。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>性质2:</b><br>
若A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B、A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">C,则A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">C</p>
</blockquote>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>5、<a name="dengjiashi"></a>等价式:</b></p>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" width="424">
<tr>
<td width="416">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">
E1: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P
(双重否定)<br>
E2: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">P
(交换律)<br>
E3: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">P<br>
E4: (P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)
(结合律)<br>
E5: (P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<br>
E6: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)
(分配律)<br>
E7: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R)<br>
E8: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P
(DEMORGAN) <br>
E9: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<br>
E10: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">P<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<br>
E11: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">P<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<br>
E12: R<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">R
(吸收律)<br>
E13: R<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">R<br>
E14: R<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">T<br>
E15: R<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">F<br>
E16: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q
(联结词化归律)<br>
E17: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>
E18: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>
E19: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<br>
E20: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>
E21: P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">P)<br>
E22: P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P)<br>
E23: (P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q)<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P
(归缪律)<br>
E24: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">T<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">T<br>
E25: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">F<img src="image/dengjia.gif" width="17" height="9">F</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
</div>
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%"><b>6、<a name="yunhanshi"></a>蕴含式:</b>
</p>
<div align="center">
<center>
<table border="0" width="70%">
<tr>
<td width="100%">
<p style="line-height: 150%" style="line-height: 150%">
I1: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P
(化简式)<br>
I2: P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>
I3: P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q
(附加式)<br>
I4: Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q<br>
I5: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>
I6: Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>
I7: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<br>
I8: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<br>
I9: P,Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<br>
I10: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P,P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">Q
(析取三段论)<br>
I11: P,P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">Q
(假言推理)<br>
I12: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q,P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P
(拒绝式)
<br>
I13: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q,Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<br>
I14: P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q,P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R,Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">R
(穷举推理)<br>
I15: P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)</td>
⌨️ 快捷键说明
复制代码
Ctrl + C
搜索代码
Ctrl + F
全屏模式
F11
切换主题
Ctrl + Shift + D
显示快捷键
?
增大字号
Ctrl + =
减小字号
Ctrl + -