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📁 实用的离散数学课件
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      <p style="line-height: 150%" align="center"  >本 节 习 题 </p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >举例:命题符号化 </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >&nbsp; 步骤: </p>
      <ul>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  ><font color="#FF0000">找出命题中的原子命题</font></li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  ><font color="#FF0000">选区适当的联结词进行组合</font></li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  ><font color="#FF0000">注意命题的实际含义,不可拘泥于原句</font><br>
          &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</li>
      </ul>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >例1:</p>
      <ol>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >如果电灯不亮了,那么肯定是灯泡坏了或是开关坏了。&nbsp;</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >你带我去游泳或者去水上乐园,否则我不出门。</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >当北家发牌,打牌结束后,第二副就应该由东家发牌了。</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >除非她通知我,否则我不参加会议。</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >假如上午不下雨,我去看电影;否则我在家看书或者看电视。</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >我今天进城,除非下雨。</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >仅当你走,我将留下。</li>
        <li>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  >凡进入机房的,必须换拖鞋,穿工作服,否则罚款5元。</li>
      </ol>
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  > 
          <p style="line-height: 150%"  > <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >例2:设P:李明是男生,Q:李明斯足球队员,R:李明是班干部。<br>
      &nbsp; 则:下列命题的中文含义是什么? </p>
      <blockquote>
        <ol>
          <li>
            <p style="line-height: 150%"  >P<img border="0" src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q</li>
          <li>
            <p style="line-height: 150%"  >Q<img border="0" src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R</li>
          <li>
            <p style="line-height: 150%"  ><img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img border="0" src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img border="0" src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R</li>
          <li>
            <p style="line-height: 150%"  >P<img border="0" src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">R</li>
        </ol>
      </blockquote>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%" align="center">  </p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >1.判断下列语句是否为命题,若是命题请指出是简单命题还是复合命题<br>
        (1)5能被2整除<br>
        (2)现在开会吗?<br>
        (3)这朵花真好看呀!<br>
        (4)雪是白的当且仅当太阳从东方升起<br>
        (5)4是偶数且是奇数<br>
        (6)李明与王华是同学</p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >2.将上题中的命题符号化,并讨论它们的真值</p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >3.判断下列各命题的真值<br>
        (1)若2+2=4,则3+3=6<br>
        (2)若2+2=4,则3+3<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="11" height="15">6<br>
        (3)若2+2<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">4,则3+3=6<br>
        (4)若2+2<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">4,则3+3<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">6<br>
        (5)若2+2=4当且仅当3+3=6<br>
        (6)若2+2=4当且仅当3+3<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">6</p>
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >4.给定命题 P:曲率半径处处相等。 Q:图形为圆<br>  
        试用汉语表达复合命题P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q   
      </p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >5.构成下列命题公式的真值表:<br>  
        (1)(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">P<br>  
        (2)<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R))<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">((P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R))<br>  
        (3)((P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">R)   
        <br>  
        (4)(((<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">R   
      </p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >6.证明下列命题公式的真值与它们的命题变元真值指派无关:<br>  
        (1)(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>  
        (2)(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<br>  
        (3)((P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<br>  
        (4)(P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">((P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q))</p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >7.从下列公式中选出合式公式,并指出那些是永真式,那些是永假式。<br>  
        (1)(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q))<br>  
        (2)((<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">P)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<br>  
        (3)((P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">((P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R))<br>  
        (4)((P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">P)</p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >8.试证明下列命题:<br>  
        (1)永真式的否定是一个永假式。<br>  
        (2)永假式的否定是一个永真式。<br>  
        (3)任何两个永真式的合取仍是一个永真式。<br>  
        (4)任何两个永真式的析取仍是一个永真式。<br>  
        (5)任何两个永假式的合取仍是一个永假式。<br>  
        (6)任何两个永假式的析取仍是一个永假式。 </p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >9.试证明{<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">}是全功能集合。</p>  
      <p style="line-height: 150%"  >10.试证明{<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">}、{<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">}和{<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">}都不是全功能集合。</p>  
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