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<p style="line-height: 150%" align="center" >本 节 习 题 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >举例:命题符号化 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" > 步骤: </p>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" ><font color="#FF0000">找出命题中的原子命题</font></li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" ><font color="#FF0000">选区适当的联结词进行组合</font></li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" ><font color="#FF0000">注意命题的实际含义,不可拘泥于原句</font><br>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >例1:</p>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >如果电灯不亮了,那么肯定是灯泡坏了或是开关坏了。 </li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >你带我去游泳或者去水上乐园,否则我不出门。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >当北家发牌,打牌结束后,第二副就应该由东家发牌了。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >除非她通知我,否则我不参加会议。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >假如上午不下雨,我去看电影;否则我在家看书或者看电视。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >我今天进城,除非下雨。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >仅当你走,我将留下。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >凡进入机房的,必须换拖鞋,穿工作服,否则罚款5元。</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >
<p style="line-height: 150%" > <p style="line-height: 150%" > </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >例2:设P:李明是男生,Q:李明斯足球队员,R:李明是班干部。<br>
则:下列命题的中文含义是什么? </p>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >P<img border="0" src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >Q<img border="0" src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" ><img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img border="0" src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img border="0" src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >P<img border="0" src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img border="0" src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">R</li>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" > </p>
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >1.判断下列语句是否为命题,若是命题请指出是简单命题还是复合命题<br>
(1)5能被2整除<br>
(2)现在开会吗?<br>
(3)这朵花真好看呀!<br>
(4)雪是白的当且仅当太阳从东方升起<br>
(5)4是偶数且是奇数<br>
(6)李明与王华是同学</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >2.将上题中的命题符号化,并讨论它们的真值</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >3.判断下列各命题的真值<br>
(1)若2+2=4,则3+3=6<br>
(2)若2+2=4,则3+3<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="11" height="15">6<br>
(3)若2+2<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">4,则3+3=6<br>
(4)若2+2<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">4,则3+3<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">6<br>
(5)若2+2=4当且仅当3+3=6<br>
(6)若2+2=4当且仅当3+3<img src="image/budeng.GIF" width="14" height="14">6</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >4.给定命题 P:曲率半径处处相等。 Q:图形为圆<br>
试用汉语表达复合命题P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q
</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >5.构成下列命题公式的真值表:<br>
(1)(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">P<br>
(2)<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R))<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">((P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">R))<br>
(3)((P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">R))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">R)
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(4)(((<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">R
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<p style="line-height: 150%" >6.证明下列命题公式的真值与它们的命题变元真值指派无关:<br>
(1)(P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q<br>
(2)(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q)<br>
(3)((P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R)<br>
(4)(P<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">Q)<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">((P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">(<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q))</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >7.从下列公式中选出合式公式,并指出那些是永真式,那些是永假式。<br>
(1)(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q))<br>
(2)((<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">Q<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">P)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<br>
(3)((P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(Q<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R))<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">((P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">Q)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">(P<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">R))<br>
(4)((P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q)<img src="image/dengtong.gif" width="16" height="9">P)</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >8.试证明下列命题:<br>
(1)永真式的否定是一个永假式。<br>
(2)永假式的否定是一个永真式。<br>
(3)任何两个永真式的合取仍是一个永真式。<br>
(4)任何两个永真式的析取仍是一个永真式。<br>
(5)任何两个永假式的合取仍是一个永假式。<br>
(6)任何两个永假式的析取仍是一个永假式。 </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >9.试证明{<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">,<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">}是全功能集合。</p>
<p style="line-height: 150%" >10.试证明{<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">,<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">}、{<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">}和{<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">}都不是全功能集合。</p>
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