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<b>Oracle9<em>i</em> Administrator's Reference </b>
<br />
<b>Release 2 (9.2.0.1.0) for UNIX Systems: AIX-Based Systems, Compaq Tru64 UNIX, HP 9000 Series HP-UX, Linux Intel, and Sun Solaris</b>
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Part No. A97297-01
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<h1>
<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#330099">B
<br /> Tuning for Oracle9<em>i</em> on HP
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</h1>
<p>This appendix contains the following tuning information for Oracle9<em>i</em> on HP:
</p>
<ul>
<li type="disc">
<p><a href="#CHDGJCIB">HP-UX Shared Memory Segments for a 64-Bit Oracle Instance </a>
</p>
</li>
<li type="disc">
<p><a href="#i636964">HP SCHED_NOAGE Scheduling Policy</a>
</p>
</li>
<li type="disc">
<p><a href="#i637009">Lightweight Timer Implementation</a>
</p>
</li>
<li type="disc">
<p><a href="#i637036">Asynchronous I/O</a>
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<h2>
<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#330099">HP-UX Shared Memory Segments for a 64-Bit Oracle Instance
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</h2>
<p>When a 64-bit Oracle server creates a database instance, the server creates memory segments by dividing the available shared memory by the value of the HP-UX SHMMAX kernel parameter. For example, if 64 GB of shared memory is available for a single Oracle instance and the value of the SHMMAX parameter is 1 GB, the Oracle server creates 64 shared memory segments for that instance.
</p>
<p>In laboratory tests, performance degradation occurs when an Oracle instance creates more than six shared memory segments. This is because each shared memory segment receives a unique protection key when the Oracle server creates the instance. There are six protection keys available for shared memory segments on the PA-RISC processor. If your system has more than six shared memory segments, the HP-UX operating system displays protection key faults.Oracle Corporation recommends that you set the SHMMAX parameter value to the amount of available physical memory on the system. Doing this ensures that the entire shared memory for a single Oracle instance is assigned to one shared memory segment and your instance needs only one protection key. To display the list of active shared memory segments on the system, enter the following command:
</p>
<pre>$ ipcs -m
</pre>
<p>If the Oracle server creates more than six segments for the instance, increase the value of the SHMMAX kernel parameter.
</p>
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<strong>See Also:</strong>
</font>
</p><em>Oracle9i Installation Guide Release 2 (9.2.0.1.0) for UNIX Systems</em> for more information on recommended kernel parameter settings.
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<h2>
<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#330099"><a id="sthref669" name="sthref669"></a><a id="sthref670" name="sthref670"></a>HP SCHED_NOAGE Scheduling Policy
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</h2>
<p>On HP, most processes use a time sharing scheduling policy. Time sharing can have detrimental effects on Oracle performance by descheduling an Oracle process during critical operations, for example, holding a latch. HP has a modified scheduling policy, referred to as SCHED_NOAGE, that specifically addresses this issue. Unlike the normal time sharing policy, a process scheduled using SCHED_NOAGE does not increase or decrease in priority, nor is it preempted.
</p>
<p>This feature is suited to online transaction processing (OLTP) environments because OLTP environments can cause competition for critical resources. In laboratory tests, the use of the SCHED_NOAGE policy with Oracle9<em>i</em> increased performance by up to 10 percent in OLTP environments.
</p>
<p>The SCHED_NOAGE policy creates little or no gains in decision support (DSS) environments because there is little resource competition in these environments. Because each application and server environment is different, you should test and verify whether your environment benefits from the SCHED_NOAGE policy.
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Enabling SCHED_NOAGE for Oracle9<em>i</em>
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<p>To allow Oracle9<em>i</em> to use the SCHED_NOAGE scheduling policy, the group that the Oracle software owner belongs to (<a id="i636981" name="i636981"></a><code>dba</code>), must have the RTSCHED and RTPRIO privileges to change the scheduling policy and set the priority level for Oracle processes. To give the <code>dba</code> group these privileges, as the <code>root</code> user enter the following command:
</p>
<pre># setprivgrp dba RTSCHED RTPRIO
</pre>
<p>To retain these privileges after rebooting, create the <code>/etc/privgroup</code> file, if it does not exist on your system, and add the following line to it:
</p>
<pre>dba RTSCHED RTPRIO
</pre>
<p>Add the HPUX_SCHED_NOAGE parameter to the initialization file for each instance, setting the parameter to an integer value to specify process priority levels. On HP-UX 11.0, the range is 153 to 255 and on HP-UX 11i, the range is 178 to 255. If the parameter setting is out of range, Oracle9<em>i</em> sets the parameter to a permissible value and continues with the SCHED_NOAGE policy with the new value. It also generates a message in the <code>alert_</code><em><code>sid</code></em><code>.log</code> file about the new setting. Oracle Corporation recommends that you set the parameter to the required priority level for Oracle processes. If the parameter setting is out of range, Oracle9<em>i</em> release 2 (9.2.0.1) sets it to a permissible value. It also generates a message about the new setting in the alert file. You should set the parameter value to achieve the process priority level that you want.
</p>
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<strong><strong>See Also</strong>:</strong>
</font>
</p>The HP documentation, the <code>rtsched</code>(<code>1)</code>man page, and the <code>rtsched(2)</code> man page for more information on priority policies and priority ranges.
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<h2>
<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#330099"><a id="sthref673" name="sthref673"></a>Lightweight Timer Implementation
</font>
</h2>
<p>Unlike Oracle9<em>i</em> release 1 (9.0.1), Oracle9<em>i</em> release 2 (9.2.0.1.0) on HP-UX systems uses the <code>gethrtime()</code> system library call whether the TIMED_STATISTICS initialization parameter is set to TRUE or FALSE. This enables you to collect run-time statistics at any time while running an Oracle instance. When the TIMED_STATISTICS initialization parameter is set to TRUE, Oracle9<em>i</em> release 1 (9.0.1.0) on HP-UX systems uses the system library call to calculate elapsed time.
</p>
<p>In laboratory tests, this library call provides a performance improvement of up to 10 percent over an Oracle system not using the gethrtime() system library call when the TIMED_STATISTICS initialization parameter is set to TRUE. In addition, there is no negative impact on Oracle9<em>i</em> release 2 (9.2.0.1.0) OLTP performance while using the gethrtime() system library call when the TIMED_STATISTICS initialization parameter is set to FALSE.
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<strong>See Also:</strong>
</font>
</p>Oracle9i Installation Guide Release 2 (9.2.0.1.0) for UNIX Systems for information on HP patches required for Oracle9<em>i</em>.
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<font face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" color="#330099"><a id="sthref675" name="sthref675"></a>Asynchronous I/O
</font>
</h2>
<p>The asynchronous I/O pseudo-driver on HP allows the Oracle server to perform I/O to raw disk partitions using an asynchronous method, resulting in less I/O overhead and higher throughput. You can use the asynchronous I/O pseudo-driver on both HP-UX 9000 servers and workstations.
</p>
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<a id="sthref677" name="sthref677"></a>MLOCK Privilege
</font>
</h3>
<p>To allow Oracle9<em>i</em> to execute asynchronous I/O operations, the group that the Oracle software owner belongs to (<code>dba</code>) must have the MLOCK privilege. To give the <code>dba</code> group the MLOCK privilege:
</p>
<ol type="1" start="1">
<li>
<p>As the <code>root</code> user, enter the following command:
</p>
<pre># setprivgrp dba MLOCK
</pre>
</li>
<li>
<p>To retain the MLOCK privilege after rebooting, create the <code>/etc/privgroup</code> file, if it does not exist on your system, and add the following line to it:
</p>
<pre>dba MLOCK
</pre>
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<strong>Note:</strong>
</font>
</p>If the Oracle software owner does not have the MLOCK privilege, Oracle9<em>i</em> on HP-UX generates trace files that include the following error:
<p><code>Ioctl ASYNC_CONFIG error, errno = 1</code>
</p>
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