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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"><html><head><title>VM Spec </title></head><body BGCOLOR=#eeeeff text=#000000 LINK=#0000ff VLINK=#000077 ALINK=#ff0000><table width=100%><tr><td>Contents | Prev | <a href="Preface.doc.html">Next</a> | <a href="VMSpecIX.fm.html">Index</a></td></tr></table><hr><br><center><h1>The Java<sup><font size=-2>TM</font></sup> Virtual Machine Specification</h1><h2>Second Edition</h2>Tim Lindholm<br>Frank Yellin<p></center><br><hr><br> <dl><p><dt><dd><a href="Preface.doc.html"><font size=+1><bold> Preface </bold></font></a><p><dt><dd><a href="Introduction.doc.html"><font size=+1><bold> 1 Introduction </bold></font></a><dl><a href="Introduction.doc.html#4560"><dt><dd>1.1 A Bit of History </a><a href="Introduction.doc.html#3057"><dt><dd>1.2 The Java Virtual Machine </a><a href="Introduction.doc.html#4478"><dt><dd>1.3 Summary of Chapters </a><a href="Introduction.doc.html#4948"><dt><dd>1.4 Notation </a></dl><p><dt><dd><a href="Concepts.doc.html"><font size=+1><bold> 2 Java Programming Language Concepts </bold></font></a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#25310"><dt><dd>2.1 Unicode </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#25339"><dt><dd>2.2 Identifiers </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#29967"><dt><dd>2.3 Literals </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#22930"><dt><dd>2.4 Types and Values </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19511"><dt><dd>2.4.1 Primitive Types and Values </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#17876"><dt><dd>2.4.2 Operators on Integral Values </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#33377"><dt><dd>2.4.3 Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#33499"><dt><dd>2.4.4 Operators on Floating-Point Values </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#17937"><dt><dd>2.4.5 Operators on <code>boolean</code> Values </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#29375"><dt><dd>2.4.6 Reference Types, Objects, and Reference Values </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#27433"><dt><dd>2.4.7 The Class <code>Object</code> </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#25486"><dt><dd>2.4.8 The Class <code>String</code></a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#17255"><dt><dd>2.4.9 Operators on Objects </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#17203"><dt><dd>2.5 Variables </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#15858"><dt><dd>2.5.1 Initial Values of Variables </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#23409"><dt><dd>2.5.2 Variables Have Types, Objects Have Classes </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#25611"><dt><dd>2.6 Conversions and Promotions </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19691"><dt><dd>2.6.1 Identity Conversions </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#23435"><dt><dd>2.6.2 Widening Primitive Conversions </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19747"><dt><dd>2.6.3 Narrowing Primitive Conversions </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#25679"><dt><dd>2.6.4 Widening Reference Conversions </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#32879"><dt><dd>2.6.5 Narrowing Reference Conversions</a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#32922"><dt><dd>2.6.6 Value Set Conversion </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19674"><dt><dd>2.6.7 Assignment Conversion </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19685"><dt><dd>2.6.8 Method Invocation Conversion </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#18168"><dt><dd>2.6.9 Casting Conversion </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16021"><dt><dd>2.6.10 Numeric Promotion </a></dl><a name="272660"></a><dt><dd><a href="Concepts.doc.html#21272">2.7 Names and Packages </a> <dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#21410"><dt><dd>2.7.1 Simple Names and Qualified Names </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#20319"><dt><dd>2.7.2 Packages </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#26049"><dt><dd>2.7.3 Members </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#18914"><dt><dd>2.7.4 Qualified Names and Access Control </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#20207"><dt><dd>2.7.5 Fully Qualified Names </a></dl></dl><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#29321"><dt><dd>2.8 Classes </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#20389"><dt><dd>2.8.1 Class Names </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#20340"><dt><dd>2.8.2 Class Modifiers</a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#32983"><dt><dd>2.8.3 Superclasses and Subclasses </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#18846"><dt><dd>2.8.4 The Class Members </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16338"><dt><dd>2.9 Fields </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#29882"><dt><dd>2.9.1 Field Modifiers </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16320"><dt><dd>2.9.2 Initialization of Fields </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16317"><dt><dd>2.10 Methods </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#26454"><dt><dd>2.10.1 Formal Parameters </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#34442"><dt><dd>2.10.2 Method Signature </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16348"><dt><dd>2.10.3 Method Modifiers</a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#32316"><dt><dd>2.11 Static Initializers </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16411"><dt><dd>2.12 Constructors </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#33032"><dt><dd>2.12.1 Constructor Modifiers </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16432"><dt><dd>2.13 Interfaces  </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#18339"><dt><dd>2.13.1 Interface Modifiers</a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#20603"><dt><dd>2.13.2 Superinterfaces</a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#18345"><dt><dd>2.13.3 Interface Members </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#26697"><dt><dd>2.13.4 Overriding, Inheritance, and Overloading in Interfaces </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#33252"><dt><dd>2.14 Nested Classes and Interfaces </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16446"><dt><dd>2.15 Arrays </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#21035"><dt><dd>2.15.1 Array Types </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#28011"><dt><dd>2.15.2 Array Variables </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#20775"><dt><dd>2.15.3 Array Creation </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#22854"><dt><dd>2.15.4 Array Access </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#22727"><dt><dd>2.16 Exceptions </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#24614"><dt><dd>2.16.1 The Causes of Exceptions </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#22746"><dt><dd>2.16.2 Handling an Exception </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#24863"><dt><dd>2.16.3 The Exception Hierarchy</a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#24870"><dt><dd>2.16.4 The Classes Exception and RuntimeException </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#16491"><dt><dd>2.17 Execution </a><dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19042"><dt><dd>2.17.1 Virtual Machine Start-up </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19175"><dt><dd>2.17.2 Loading </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#22574"><dt><dd>2.17.3 Linking: Verification, Preparation, and Resolution </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19075"><dt><dd>2.17.4 Initialization </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#24237"><dt><dd>2.17.5 Detailed Initialization Procedure </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19124"><dt><dd>2.17.6 Creation of New Class Instances </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19147"><dt><dd>2.17.7 Finalization of Class Instances</a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#32202"><dt><dd>2.17.8 Unloading of Classes and Interfaces </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#19152"><dt><dd>2.17.9 Virtual Machine Exit </a></dl><a href="Concepts.doc.html#24465"><dt><dd>2.18 FP-strict Expressions </a><a href="Concepts.doc.html#33308"><dt><dd>2.19 Threads </a></dl></dl><dl><p><dt><dd><a href="Overview.doc.html"><font size=+1><bold> 3 The Structure of the Java Virtual Machine </bold></font></a><dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#32310"><dt><dd>3.1 The <code>class</code> File Format </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#12237"><dt><dd>3.2 Data Types </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#22239"><dt><dd>3.3 Primitive Types and Values </a><dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#31446"><dt><dd>3.3.1 Integral Types and Values </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#28147"><dt><dd>3.3.2 Floating-Point Types, Value Sets, and Values </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#34568"><dt><dd>3.3.3 The <code>returnAddress</code> Type and Values </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#22909"><dt><dd>3.3.4 The <code>boolean</code> Type </a></dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#15079"><dt><dd>3.4 Reference Types and Values </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#1732"><dt><dd>3.5 Runtime Data Areas </a><dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#6648"><dt><dd>3.5.1 The <code>pc</code> Register</a><a href="Overview.doc.html#6654"><dt><dd>3.5.2 Java Virtual Machine Stacks </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#15730"><dt><dd>3.5.3 Heap </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#6656"><dt><dd>3.5.4 Method Area </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#22972"><dt><dd>3.5.5 Runtime Constant Pool </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#15637"><dt><dd>3.5.6 Native Method Stacks </a></dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#17257"><dt><dd>3.6 Frames </a><dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#15722"><dt><dd>3.6.1 Local Variables </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#28851"><dt><dd>3.6.2 Operand Stacks </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#1963"><dt><dd>3.6.3 Dynamic Linking </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#1973"><dt><dd>3.6.4 Normal Method Invocation Completion </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#22091"><dt><dd>3.6.5 Abrupt Method Invocation Completion </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#22093"><dt><dd>3.6.6 Additional Information </a></dl><a href="Overview.doc.html#16066"><dt><dd>3.7 Representation of Objects </a><a href="Overview.doc.html#35253">⌨️ 快捷键说明
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