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享同步使用的资源。&nbsp;<br />
mutual&nbsp;exclusion（互斥现象）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;guarantee&nbsp;of&nbsp;exclusive&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resource.&nbsp;In&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;systems,&nbsp;t&nbsp;<br />
he&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resource&nbsp;is&nbsp;typically&nbsp;a&nbsp;block&nbsp;of&nbsp;memory,&nbsp;a&nbsp;global&nbsp;variable,&nbsp;or&nbsp;a&nbsp;s&nbsp;<br />
et&nbsp;of&nbsp;registers.&nbsp;Mutual&nbsp;exclusion&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;achieved&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;semaphor&nbsp;<br />
e&nbsp;or&nbsp;mutex.&nbsp;<br />
唯一访问共享资源的保证。在嵌入式系统中，共享的资源典型的有内存块或寄存器组。&nbsp;<br />
互斥现象能由使用信号灯或互斥完成。&nbsp;<br />
N&nbsp;<br />
NVRAM&nbsp;<br />
Non-Volatile&nbsp;Random-Access&nbsp;Memory.&nbsp;A&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;RAM&nbsp;that&nbsp;retains&nbsp;its&nbsp;data&nbsp;even&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
when&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;is&nbsp;powered&nbsp;down.&nbsp;NVRAM&nbsp;frequently&nbsp;consists&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;SRAM&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
long-life&nbsp;battery.&nbsp;<br />
非易失的随机访问存储器。一种能在系统关机的情况下保持它的数据的RAM。NVRAM常常&nbsp;<br />
由SRAM和长寿命电池组成。&nbsp;<br />
O&nbsp;<br />
OTP&nbsp;<br />
See&nbsp;one-time&nbsp;programmable.&nbsp;<br />
object&nbsp;code（目标代码）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;processor-readable&nbsp;opcodes&nbsp;and&nbsp;data.&nbsp;The&nbsp;output&nbsp;of&nbsp;compilers,assemb&nbsp;<br />
lers,&nbsp;linkers,&nbsp;and&nbsp;locators&nbsp;are&nbsp;files&nbsp;containing&nbsp;object&nbsp;code.&nbsp;<br />
处理器能读的操作码和数据。编译器、汇编器、连接器和定位器的输出文件都含有目标&nbsp;<br />
代码。&nbsp;<br />
object&nbsp;file（目标文件）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;file&nbsp;containing&nbsp;object&nbsp;code.&nbsp;The&nbsp;output&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;compiler&nbsp;or&nbsp;assembler.&nbsp;<br />
包含目标代码的文件。编译器或汇编器的输出。&nbsp;<br />
one-time&nbsp;programmable（一次可编程的）&nbsp;<br />
Any&nbsp;programmable&nbsp;device,&nbsp;like&nbsp;a&nbsp;PROM,&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;programmed&nbsp;just&nbsp;once&nbsp;by&nbsp;th&nbsp;<br />
e&nbsp;end&nbsp;user.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;this&nbsp;term&nbsp;is&nbsp;used&nbsp;almost&nbsp;exclusively&nbsp;to&nbsp;refer&nbsp;to&nbsp;microc&nbsp;<br />
ontrollers&nbsp;with&nbsp;on-chip&nbsp;PROM.&nbsp;<br />
任一可编程的设备，像PROM，仅仅能被最终用户编程一次。然而，这个术语一般被专有&nbsp;<br />
地使用在拥有片上PROM的微控制器上。&nbsp;<br />
opcode&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;sequence&nbsp;of&nbsp;bits&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;recognized&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;as&nbsp;one&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;instruc&nbsp;<br />
tions&nbsp;in&nbsp;its&nbsp;instruction&nbsp;set.&nbsp;<br />
一串被处理器验证过的二进制位的序列，它作为其指令集的一个子集。&nbsp;<br />
operating&nbsp;system（操作系统）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;makes&nbsp;multitasking&nbsp;possible.&nbsp;An&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;ty&nbsp;<br />
pically&nbsp;consists&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;function&nbsp;calls,&nbsp;or&nbsp;software&nbsp;interrupts,&nbsp;and&nbsp;a&nbsp;p&nbsp;<br />
eriodic&nbsp;clock&nbsp;tick.&nbsp;The&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;is&nbsp;responsible&nbsp;for&nbsp;deciding&nbsp;which&nbsp;t&nbsp;<br />
ask&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;using&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;at&nbsp;a&nbsp;given&nbsp;time&nbsp;and&nbsp;for&nbsp;controlling&nbsp;access&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;to&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resources.&nbsp;<br />
使多任务能够实现的一个软件。一个操作系统典型地由一个函数调用集、软件中断和定&nbsp;<br />
期时钟周期组成。一个操作系统负责决定哪一个任务在给定的时间将使用处理器，并且&nbsp;<br />
控制对共享资源的访问。&nbsp;<br />
Oscilloscope（示波器）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;debugging&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;allows&nbsp;you&nbsp;to&nbsp;view&nbsp;the&nbsp;voltage&nbsp;on&nbsp;one&nbsp;or&nbsp;more&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;electrical&nbsp;lines.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;you&nbsp;might&nbsp;use&nbsp;an&nbsp;oscilloscope&nbsp;to&nbsp;determine&nbsp;i&nbsp;<br />
f&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;is&nbsp;currently&nbsp;asserted.&nbsp;<br />
一种硬件调试工具，它让你能观察到一个或更多电路上的电压。例如：如果一个特殊的&nbsp;<br />
中断发生，你可以用一个示波器去检测它。&nbsp;<br />
P&nbsp;<br />
PROM（可编程只读存储器）&nbsp;<br />
Programmable&nbsp;Read-Only&nbsp;Memory.&nbsp;A&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;ROM&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;written&nbsp;(programmed&nbsp;<br />
)&nbsp;with&nbsp;a&nbsp;device&nbsp;programmer.&nbsp;These&nbsp;memory&nbsp;devices&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;programmed&nbsp;only&nbsp;once&nbsp;<br />
,&nbsp;so&nbsp;they&nbsp;are&nbsp;sometimes&nbsp;referred&nbsp;to&nbsp;as&nbsp;write-once&nbsp;or&nbsp;one-time&nbsp;programmable&nbsp;d&nbsp;<br />
evices.&nbsp;<br />
可编程只读存储器。能被设备编程器写的一种ROM。这种内存设备可以被编程一次，所以&nbsp;<br />
它们有时被作为写一次或一次性编程设备来看待。&nbsp;<br />
parallel&nbsp;processing（并行进程）&nbsp;<br />
The&nbsp;ability&nbsp;to&nbsp;apply&nbsp;two&nbsp;or&nbsp;more&nbsp;processors&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;single&nbsp;computation.&nbsp;<br />
一种在单个计算机上运行两个或多个程序的能力。&nbsp;<br />
Peripheral&nbsp;（外设）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;other&nbsp;than&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor,&nbsp;usually&nbsp;memory&nbsp;or&nbsp;an&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;devic&nbsp;<br />
e.&nbsp;The&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;may&nbsp;reside&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;chip&nbsp;as&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor,&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;case&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;called&nbsp;an&nbsp;internal&nbsp;peripheral.&nbsp;<br />
一种不同于处理器的硬件设备，常指内存或I/O设备。外设经常和处理器在一片芯片上，&nbsp;<br />
在这种情况下，它被称为集成外设。&nbsp;<br />
physical&nbsp;address（物理地址）&nbsp;<br />
The&nbsp;actual&nbsp;address&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;placed&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;address&nbsp;bus&nbsp;when&nbsp;accessing&nbsp;a&nbsp;memory&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;location&nbsp;or&nbsp;register.&nbsp;<br />
当访问内存位置或寄存器时，在地址总线上的真实的地址。&nbsp;<br />
Preemptive（抢先）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;scheduler&nbsp;is&nbsp;said&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;preemptive&nbsp;if&nbsp;it&nbsp;allows&nbsp;the&nbsp;running&nbsp;task&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;sus&nbsp;<br />
pended&nbsp;when&nbsp;a&nbsp;higher-priority&nbsp;task&nbsp;becomes&nbsp;ready.&nbsp;Non-preemptive&nbsp;schedulers&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
are&nbsp;easier&nbsp;to&nbsp;implement&nbsp;but&nbsp;less&nbsp;appropriate&nbsp;for&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;systems.&nbsp;<br />
当一个高优先级的任务准备好时，充许正在运行的任务被挂起的调度策略被称为优先。&nbsp;<br />
无优先的调度策略更容易实现一些但适合在嵌入式系统中使用。&nbsp;<br />
Polling(轮询)&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;method&nbsp;of&nbsp;interfacing&nbsp;with&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;that&nbsp;involves&nbsp;repeatedly&nbsp;reading&nbsp;a&nbsp;sta&nbsp;<br />
tus&nbsp;register&nbsp;until&nbsp;the&nbsp;device&nbsp;has&nbsp;reached&nbsp;the&nbsp;awaited&nbsp;state.&nbsp;Device&nbsp;drivers&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
are&nbsp;either&nbsp;polling&nbsp;or&nbsp;interrupt-driven,&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;latter&nbsp;being&nbsp;more&nbsp;generally&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;preferred.&nbsp;<br />
一种硬件交互方法，不断读状态寄存器，直到设备进入等待状态。设备驱动程序不是轮&nbsp;<br />
询的就是中断驱动的，后一种越来越成为首选的。&nbsp;<br />
Priority（优先）&nbsp;<br />
The&nbsp;relative&nbsp;importance&nbsp;of&nbsp;one&nbsp;task&nbsp;compared&nbsp;to&nbsp;another.&nbsp;<br />
一个任务与其他任务相比的重要关系。&nbsp;<br />
priority&nbsp;inversion（优先转置）&nbsp;<br />
An&nbsp;unwanted&nbsp;software&nbsp;situation&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;a&nbsp;high-priority&nbsp;task&nbsp;is&nbsp;delayed&nbsp;whil&nbsp;<br />
e&nbsp;waiting&nbsp;for&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resource&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;even&nbsp;being&nbsp;used&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;time.&nbsp;For&nbsp;all&nbsp;practical&nbsp;purposes,&nbsp;the&nbsp;priority&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;task&nbsp;has&nbsp;been&nbsp;lowere&nbsp;<br />
d&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;delay&nbsp;period.&nbsp;<br />
一种不希望发生的软件状态，在此状态一个高优先级任务因为等待访问一个那时不再使&nbsp;<br />
用的共享资源而被延迟。在所有的实践目标中，这个任务的优先级在延迟周期内都被降&nbsp;<br />
低。&nbsp;<br />
Process（进程）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;word&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;often&nbsp;confused&nbsp;with&nbsp;task&nbsp;or&nbsp;thread.&nbsp;The&nbsp;crucial&nbsp;distinction&nbsp;i&nbsp;<br />
s&nbsp;that&nbsp;all&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;tasks&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;system&nbsp;share&nbsp;a&nbsp;common&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space.&nbsp;Processes,&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
on&nbsp;the&nbsp;other&nbsp;hand,&nbsp;always&nbsp;have&nbsp;their&nbsp;own&nbsp;private&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space.&nbsp;Processes&nbsp;are&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;common&nbsp;in&nbsp;multi-user&nbsp;systems&nbsp;but&nbsp;are&nbsp;rarely,&nbsp;if&nbsp;ever,&nbsp;found&nbsp;in&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;sys&nbsp;<br />
tems.&nbsp;<br />
这个名词经常与任务或线程混淆。至关重要的差别在于系统中的所有任务共享公共的内&nbsp;<br />
存空间。进程，另一方面，常常有它们自己的私有内存空间。进程在多用户系统中，但&nbsp;<br />
少有地，如有可能，也可在嵌入式系统中。&nbsp;<br />
Processor（处理器）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;generic&nbsp;term&nbsp;that&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;distinction&nbsp;between&nbsp;microprocessor,&nbsp;microcontro&nbsp;<br />
ller,&nbsp;and&nbsp;digital&nbsp;signal&nbsp;processor.&nbsp;<br />
一个对于微处理器、微控制器他数字信号处器无差别的通用术语。&nbsp;<br />
processor&nbsp;family（处理器族）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;set&nbsp;of&nbsp;related&nbsp;processors,&nbsp;usually&nbsp;successive&nbsp;generations&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;ma&nbsp;<br />
nufacturer.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;Intel&quot;s&nbsp;80x86&nbsp;family&nbsp;began&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;8086&nbsp;and&nbsp;now&nbsp;in&nbsp;<br />
cludes&nbsp;the&nbsp;80186,&nbsp;286,&nbsp;386,&nbsp;486,&nbsp;Pentium,&nbsp;and&nbsp;many&nbsp;others.&nbsp;The&nbsp;later&nbsp;models&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
in&nbsp;a&nbsp;family&nbsp;are&nbsp;typically&nbsp;backwards-compatible&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;ones&nbsp;that&nbsp;came&nbsp;befor&nbsp;<br />
e.&nbsp;<br />
一个相关的处理器集，常常连续地从一个生产商产生。例如：Intel&quot;s&nbsp;80x86族开始从8&nbsp;<br />
086开始，现在有80186,&nbsp;286,&nbsp;386,&nbsp;486,&nbsp;Pentium及其他。在一个族中，稍后的产品典&nbsp;<br />
型地向后兼容在它以前生产的产品。&nbsp;<br />
processor-independent（处理器无关）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;independent&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;on&nbsp;which&nbsp;it&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;run.&nbsp;Most&nbsp;programs&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;written&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;high-level&nbsp;language&nbsp;are&nbsp;process&nbsp;<br />
or-independent.&nbsp;Contrast&nbsp;with&nbsp;processor-specific.&nbsp;<br />
一个与处理器无关的，并能在其上运行的软件。大多数用高级语言编写程序是处理器无&nbsp;<br />
关的。相对于处理器定制。&nbsp;<br />
processor-specific（处理器定制）&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;highly&nbsp;dependent&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;on&nbsp;which&nbsp;it&nbsp;wi&nbsp;<br />
ll&nbsp;be&nbsp;run.&nbsp;Such&nbsp;code&nbsp;must&nbsp;usually&nbsp;be&nbsp;written&nbsp;in&nbsp;assembly&nbsp;language.&nbsp;Contrast&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
with&nbsp;processor-independent.&nbsp;<br />
一个高度依赖处理器的软件，在上其才能运行。一些代码必须用汇编语言编写。相对于&nbsp;<br />
处理器无关。&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;<br />
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