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into&nbsp;a&nbsp;socket&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;device&nbsp;programmer&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;contents&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;memory&nbsp;buffer&nbsp;a&nbsp;<br />
re&nbsp;<br />
then&nbsp;transferred&nbsp;into&nbsp;it.&nbsp;<br />
digital&nbsp;signal&nbsp;processor&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;device&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;similar&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;microprocessor,&nbsp;except&nbsp;that&nbsp;the&nbsp;internal&nbsp;CPU&nbsp;h&nbsp;<br />
as&nbsp;been&nbsp;<br />
optimized&nbsp;for&nbsp;use&nbsp;in&nbsp;applications&nbsp;involving&nbsp;discrete-time&nbsp;signal&nbsp;processing.&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;In&nbsp;<br />
addition&nbsp;to&nbsp;standard&nbsp;microprocessor&nbsp;instructions,&nbsp;DSPs&nbsp;usually&nbsp;support&nbsp;a&nbsp;set&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;of&nbsp;<br />
complex&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;to&nbsp;perform&nbsp;common&nbsp;signal-processing&nbsp;computations&nbsp;quickl&nbsp;<br />
y.&nbsp;<br />
Common&nbsp;DSP&nbsp;families&nbsp;are&nbsp;TI's&nbsp;320Cxx&nbsp;and&nbsp;Motorola's&nbsp;5600x&nbsp;series.&nbsp;<br />
E&nbsp;<br />
EEPROM&nbsp;<br />
Electrically&nbsp;Erasable,&nbsp;Programmable&nbsp;Read-Only&nbsp;Memory.&nbsp;(Pronounced&nbsp;<br />
&quot;Double-E&quot;-PROM.)&nbsp;A&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;ROM&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;erased&nbsp;electronically.&nbsp;<br />
EPROM&nbsp;<br />
Erasable,&nbsp;Programmable&nbsp;Read-Only&nbsp;Memory.&nbsp;A&nbsp;type&nbsp;of&nbsp;ROM&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;erased&nbsp;by&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;<br />
exposing&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;ultraviolet&nbsp;light.&nbsp;Once&nbsp;erased,&nbsp;an&nbsp;EPROM&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;reprogrammed&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
with&nbsp;<br />
the&nbsp;help&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;device&nbsp;programmer.&nbsp;<br />
embedded&nbsp;system&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;combination&nbsp;of&nbsp;computer&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;and&nbsp;software,&nbsp;and&nbsp;perhaps&nbsp;additional&nbsp;<br />
mechanical&nbsp;or&nbsp;other&nbsp;parts,&nbsp;designed&nbsp;to&nbsp;perform&nbsp;a&nbsp;dedicated&nbsp;function.&nbsp;In&nbsp;some&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;<br />
cases,&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;systems&nbsp;are&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;larger&nbsp;system&nbsp;or&nbsp;product,&nbsp;as&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;ca&nbsp;<br />
se&nbsp;of&nbsp;<br />
an&nbsp;anti-lock&nbsp;braking&nbsp;system&nbsp;in&nbsp;a&nbsp;car.&nbsp;Contrast&nbsp;with&nbsp;general-purpose&nbsp;computer&nbsp;<br />
.&nbsp;<br />
emulator&nbsp;<br />
Short&nbsp;for&nbsp;In-Circuit&nbsp;Emulator&nbsp;(ICE).&nbsp;A&nbsp;debugging&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;takes&nbsp;the&nbsp;place&nbsp;<br />
of-emulates-the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;on&nbsp;your&nbsp;target&nbsp;board.&nbsp;Emulators&nbsp;frequently&nbsp;<br />
incorporate&nbsp;a&nbsp;special&nbsp;&quot;bond-out&quot;&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;target&nbsp;processor&nbsp;that&nbsp;allows&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;you&nbsp;to&nbsp;<br />
observe&nbsp;and&nbsp;record&nbsp;its&nbsp;internal&nbsp;state&nbsp;as&nbsp;your&nbsp;program&nbsp;is&nbsp;executing.&nbsp;<br />
executable&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;file&nbsp;containing&nbsp;object&nbsp;code&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;ready&nbsp;for&nbsp;execution&nbsp;on&nbsp;the&nbsp;target.&nbsp;All&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;that&nbsp;<br />
remains&nbsp;is&nbsp;to&nbsp;place&nbsp;the&nbsp;object&nbsp;code&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;ROM&nbsp;or&nbsp;download&nbsp;it&nbsp;via&nbsp;a&nbsp;debuggin&nbsp;<br />
g&nbsp;tool.&nbsp;<br />
F&nbsp;<br />
firmware&nbsp;<br />
Embedded&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;stored&nbsp;as&nbsp;object&nbsp;code&nbsp;within&nbsp;a&nbsp;ROM.&nbsp;This&nbsp;name&nbsp;is&nbsp;m&nbsp;<br />
ost&nbsp;<br />
common&nbsp;among&nbsp;the&nbsp;users&nbsp;of&nbsp;digital&nbsp;signal&nbsp;processors.&nbsp;<br />
flash&nbsp;memory&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;RAM-ROM&nbsp;hybrid&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;erased&nbsp;and&nbsp;rewritten&nbsp;under&nbsp;software&nbsp;control.&nbsp;<br />
Such&nbsp;devices&nbsp;are&nbsp;divided&nbsp;into&nbsp;blocks,&nbsp;called&nbsp;sectors,&nbsp;that&nbsp;are&nbsp;individually-&nbsp;<br />
erasable.&nbsp;<br />
Flash&nbsp;memory&nbsp;is&nbsp;common&nbsp;in&nbsp;systems&nbsp;that&nbsp;require&nbsp;nonvolatile&nbsp;data&nbsp;storage&nbsp;at&nbsp;v&nbsp;<br />
ery&nbsp;<br />
low&nbsp;cost.&nbsp;In&nbsp;some&nbsp;cases,&nbsp;a&nbsp;large&nbsp;flash&nbsp;memory&nbsp;may&nbsp;even&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;instead&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;<br />
disk-drive.&nbsp;<br />
G&nbsp;<br />
general-purpose&nbsp;computer&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;combination&nbsp;of&nbsp;computer&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;and&nbsp;software&nbsp;that&nbsp;serves&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;<br />
general-purpose&nbsp;computing&nbsp;platform.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;a&nbsp;personal&nbsp;computer.&nbsp;Contra&nbsp;<br />
st&nbsp;<br />
with&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;system.&nbsp;<br />
H&nbsp;<br />
HLL&nbsp;<br />
See&nbsp;high-level&nbsp;language.&nbsp;<br />
heap&nbsp;<br />
An&nbsp;area&nbsp;of&nbsp;memory&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;used&nbsp;for&nbsp;dynamic&nbsp;memory&nbsp;allocation.&nbsp;Calls&nbsp;to&nbsp;mallo&nbsp;<br />
c&nbsp;and&nbsp;<br />
free&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;C++&nbsp;operators&nbsp;new&nbsp;and&nbsp;delete&nbsp;result&nbsp;in&nbsp;run-time&nbsp;manipulation&nbsp;of&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;the&nbsp;<br />
heap.&nbsp;<br />
high-level&nbsp;language&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;language,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;C&nbsp;or&nbsp;C++,&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;processor-independent.&nbsp;When&nbsp;programmin&nbsp;<br />
g&nbsp;in&nbsp;<br />
a&nbsp;high-level&nbsp;language,&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;possible&nbsp;to&nbsp;concentrate&nbsp;on&nbsp;algorithms&nbsp;and&nbsp;appli&nbsp;<br />
cations&nbsp;<br />
without&nbsp;worrying&nbsp;about&nbsp;the&nbsp;details&nbsp;of&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;processor.&nbsp;<br />
host&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;general-purpose&nbsp;computer&nbsp;that&nbsp;communicates&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;target&nbsp;via&nbsp;a&nbsp;serial&nbsp;po&nbsp;<br />
rt&nbsp;or&nbsp;<br />
network&nbsp;connection.&nbsp;This&nbsp;term&nbsp;is&nbsp;usually&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;distinguish&nbsp;the&nbsp;computer&nbsp;on&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;which&nbsp;<br />
the&nbsp;debugger&nbsp;is&nbsp;running&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;system&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;being&nbsp;developed.&nbsp;<br />
I&nbsp;<br />
ICE&nbsp;<br />
In-Circuit&nbsp;Emulator.&nbsp;See&nbsp;emulator.&nbsp;<br />
I/O&nbsp;<br />
Input/Output.&nbsp;The&nbsp;interface&nbsp;between&nbsp;a&nbsp;processor&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;world&nbsp;around&nbsp;it.&nbsp;The&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;<br />
simplest&nbsp;examples&nbsp;are&nbsp;switches&nbsp;(inputs)&nbsp;and&nbsp;LEDs&nbsp;(outputs).&nbsp;<br />
I/O&nbsp;device&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;that&nbsp;interfaces&nbsp;between&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;outside&nbsp;wo&nbsp;<br />
rld.&nbsp;<br />
Common&nbsp;examples&nbsp;are&nbsp;switches&nbsp;and&nbsp;LEDs,&nbsp;serial&nbsp;ports,&nbsp;and&nbsp;network&nbsp;controllers&nbsp;<br />
.&nbsp;<br />
I/O&nbsp;map&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;table&nbsp;or&nbsp;diagram&nbsp;containing&nbsp;the&nbsp;name&nbsp;and&nbsp;address&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;each&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;<br />
addressable&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;space.&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;maps&nbsp;are&nbsp;a&nbsp;helpful&nbsp;ai&nbsp;<br />
d&nbsp;in&nbsp;<br />
getting&nbsp;to&nbsp;know&nbsp;the&nbsp;target.&nbsp;<br />
I/O&nbsp;space&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;special&nbsp;memory&nbsp;region&nbsp;provided&nbsp;by&nbsp;some&nbsp;processors&nbsp;and&nbsp;generally&nbsp;reserved&nbsp;f&nbsp;<br />
or&nbsp;<br />
the&nbsp;attachment&nbsp;of&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;devices.&nbsp;Memory&nbsp;locations&nbsp;and&nbsp;registers&nbsp;within&nbsp;an&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;<br />
space&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;accessed&nbsp;only&nbsp;via&nbsp;special&nbsp;instructions.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;processors&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;<br />
80x86&nbsp;family&nbsp;have&nbsp;special&nbsp;I/O&nbsp;space&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;called&nbsp;in&nbsp;and&nbsp;out.&nbsp;Contrast&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;with&nbsp;<br />
memory&nbsp;space.&nbsp;<br />
ISR&nbsp;<br />
See&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />
instruction&nbsp;pointer&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;register&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;that&nbsp;contains&nbsp;the&nbsp;address&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;next&nbsp;instructio&nbsp;<br />
n&nbsp;to&nbsp;<br />
be&nbsp;executed.&nbsp;Also&nbsp;known&nbsp;as&nbsp;a&nbsp;program&nbsp;counter.&nbsp;<br />
interrupt&nbsp;<br />
An&nbsp;asynchronous&nbsp;electrical&nbsp;signal&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor.&nbsp;When&nbsp;t&nbsp;<br />
he&nbsp;<br />
peripheral&nbsp;asserts&nbsp;this&nbsp;signal,&nbsp;we&nbsp;say&nbsp;that&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;occurs.&nbsp;When&nbsp;an&nbsp;int&nbsp;<br />
errupt&nbsp;<br />
occurs,&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;state&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;is&nbsp;saved&nbsp;and&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;<br />
routine&nbsp;is&nbsp;executed.&nbsp;When&nbsp;the&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine&nbsp;exits,&nbsp;control&nbsp;of&nbsp;th&nbsp;<br />
e&nbsp;<br />
processor&nbsp;is&nbsp;returned&nbsp;to&nbsp;whatever&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;software&nbsp;was&nbsp;previously&nbsp;runnin&nbsp;<br />
g.&nbsp;<br />
interrupt&nbsp;latency&nbsp;<br />
The&nbsp;amount&nbsp;of&nbsp;time&nbsp;between&nbsp;the&nbsp;assertion&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;start&nbsp;of&nbsp;th&nbsp;<br />
e&nbsp;<br />
associated&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />
interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;piece&nbsp;of&nbsp;software&nbsp;executed&nbsp;in&nbsp;response&nbsp;to&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;interrupt.&nbsp;<br />
interrupt&nbsp;type&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;unique&nbsp;number&nbsp;associated&nbsp;with&nbsp;each&nbsp;interrupt.&nbsp;<br />
interrupt&nbsp;vector&nbsp;<br />
The&nbsp;address&nbsp;of&nbsp;an&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />
interrupt&nbsp;vector&nbsp;table&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;table&nbsp;containing&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;vectors&nbsp;and&nbsp;indexed&nbsp;by&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;type.&nbsp;This&nbsp;tab&nbsp;<br />
le&nbsp;<br />
contains&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor's&nbsp;mapping&nbsp;between&nbsp;interrupts&nbsp;and&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;<br />
routines&nbsp;and&nbsp;must&nbsp;be&nbsp;initialized&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;programmer.&nbsp;<br />
intertask&nbsp;communication&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;mechanism&nbsp;used&nbsp;by&nbsp;tasks&nbsp;and&nbsp;interrupt&nbsp;service&nbsp;routines&nbsp;to&nbsp;share&nbsp;informatio&nbsp;<br />
n&nbsp;<br />
and&nbsp;synchronize&nbsp;their&nbsp;access&nbsp;to&nbsp;shared&nbsp;resources.&nbsp;The&nbsp;most&nbsp;common&nbsp;building&nbsp;<br />
blocks&nbsp;of&nbsp;intertask&nbsp;communication&nbsp;are&nbsp;semaphores&nbsp;and&nbsp;mutexes.&nbsp;<br />
K&nbsp;<br />
kernel&nbsp;<br />
An&nbsp;essential&nbsp;part&nbsp;of&nbsp;any&nbsp;multitasking&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system,&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;contains&nbsp;&nbsp;<br />
just&nbsp;<br />
the&nbsp;scheduler&nbsp;and&nbsp;context-switch&nbsp;routine.&nbsp;<br />
L&nbsp;<br />
linker&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;software&nbsp;development&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;accepts&nbsp;one&nbsp;or&nbsp;more&nbsp;object&nbsp;files&nbsp;as&nbsp;input&nbsp;a&nbsp;<br />
nd&nbsp;<br />
outputs&nbsp;a&nbsp;relocatable&nbsp;program.&nbsp;The&nbsp;linker&nbsp;is&nbsp;thus&nbsp;run&nbsp;after&nbsp;all&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;sourc&nbsp;<br />
e&nbsp;files&nbsp;<br />
have&nbsp;been&nbsp;compiled&nbsp;or&nbsp;assembled.&nbsp;<br />
locator&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;software&nbsp;development&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;assigns&nbsp;physical&nbsp;addresses&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;relocatab&nbsp;<br />
le&nbsp;<br />
program&nbsp;produced&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;linker.&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;last&nbsp;step&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;preparation&nbsp;of&nbsp;<br />
software&nbsp;for&nbsp;execution&nbsp;by&nbsp;an&nbsp;embedded&nbsp;system&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;resulting&nbsp;file&nbsp;is&nbsp;calle&nbsp;<br />
d&nbsp;an&nbsp;<br />
executable.&nbsp;In&nbsp;some&nbsp;cases,&nbsp;the&nbsp;locator's&nbsp;function&nbsp;may&nbsp;be&nbsp;hidden&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;l&nbsp;<br />
inker.&nbsp;<br />
logic&nbsp;analyzer&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;debugging&nbsp;tool&nbsp;that&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;capture&nbsp;the&nbsp;logic&nbsp;levels&nbsp;(0&nbsp;or&nbsp;<br />
&nbsp;1)&nbsp;of&nbsp;<br />
dozens,&nbsp;or&nbsp;even&nbsp;hundreds,&nbsp;of&nbsp;electrical&nbsp;signals&nbsp;in&nbsp;real-time.&nbsp;Logic&nbsp;analyzer&nbsp;<br />
s&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;<br />
quite&nbsp;helpful&nbsp;for&nbsp;debugging&nbsp;hardware&nbsp;problems&nbsp;and&nbsp;complex&nbsp;processor-peripher&nbsp;<br />
al&nbsp;<br />
interactions.&nbsp;<br />
M&nbsp;<br />
memory&nbsp;map&nbsp;<br />
A&nbsp;table&nbsp;or&nbsp;diagram&nbsp;containing&nbsp;the&nbsp;name&nbsp;and&nbsp;address&nbsp;range&nbsp;of&nbsp;each&nbsp;peripheral&nbsp;<br />
addressable&nbsp;by&nbsp;the&nbsp;processor&nbsp;within&nbsp;the&nbsp;memory&nbsp;space.&nbsp;Memory&nbsp;maps&nbsp;are&nbsp;a&nbsp;help&nbsp;<br />
ful&nbsp;<br />