long.pm

UNIX下perl实现代码

	    local $ENV{POSIXLY_CORRECT};
	    $ENV{POSIXLY_CORRECT} = 1 if $action;
	    ConfigDefaults ();
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'auto_abbrev' or $try eq 'autoabbrev' ) {
	    $autoabbrev = $action;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'getopt_compat' ) {
	    $getopt_compat = $action;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'gnu_getopt' ) {
	    if ( $action ) {
		$gnu_compat = 1;
		$bundling = 1;
		$getopt_compat = 0;
		$permute = 1;
	    }
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'gnu_compat' ) {
	    $gnu_compat = $action;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'ignorecase' or $try eq 'ignore_case' ) {
	    $ignorecase = $action;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'ignore_case_always' ) {
	    $ignorecase = $action ? 2 : 0;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'bundling' ) {
	    $bundling = $action;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'bundling_override' ) {
	    $bundling = $action ? 2 : 0;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'require_order' ) {
	    $order = $action ? $REQUIRE_ORDER : $PERMUTE;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'permute' ) {
	    $order = $action ? $PERMUTE : $REQUIRE_ORDER;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'pass_through' or $try eq 'passthrough' ) {
	    $passthrough = $action;
	}
	elsif ( $try =~ /^prefix=(.+)$/ && $action ) {
	    $genprefix = $1;
	    # Turn into regexp. Needs to be parenthesized!
	    $genprefix = "(" . quotemeta($genprefix) . ")";
	    eval { '' =~ /$genprefix/; };
	    Croak ("Getopt::Long: invalid pattern \"$genprefix\"") if $@;
	}
	elsif ( $try =~ /^prefix_pattern=(.+)$/ && $action ) {
	    $genprefix = $1;
	    # Parenthesize if needed.
	    $genprefix = "(" . $genprefix . ")"
	      unless $genprefix =~ /^\(.*\)$/;
	    eval { '' =~ /$genprefix/; };
	    Croak ("Getopt::Long: invalid pattern \"$genprefix\"") if $@;
	}
	elsif ( $try eq 'debug' ) {
	    $debug = $action;
	}
	else {
	    Croak ("Getopt::Long: unknown config parameter \"$opt\"")
	}
    }
    $prevconfig;
}

# Deprecated name.
sub config (@) {
    Configure (@_);
}

# To prevent Carp from being loaded unnecessarily.
sub Croak (@) {
    require 'Carp.pm';
    $Carp::CarpLevel = 1;
    Carp::croak(@_);
};

################ Documentation ################

=head1 NAME

Getopt::Long - Extended processing of command line options

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use Getopt::Long;
  $result = GetOptions (...option-descriptions...);

=head1 DESCRIPTION

The Getopt::Long module implements an extended getopt function called
GetOptions(). This function adheres to the POSIX syntax for command
line options, with GNU extensions. In general, this means that options
have long names instead of single letters, and are introduced with a
double dash "--". Support for bundling of command line options, as was
the case with the more traditional single-letter approach, is provided
but not enabled by default.

=head1 Command Line Options, an Introduction

Command line operated programs traditionally take their arguments from
the command line, for example filenames or other information that the
program needs to know. Besides arguments, these programs often take
command line I<options> as well. Options are not necessary for the
program to work, hence the name 'option', but are used to modify its
default behaviour. For example, a program could do its job quietly,
but with a suitable option it could provide verbose information about
what it did.

Command line options come in several flavours. Historically, they are
preceded by a single dash C<->, and consist of a single letter.

    -l -a -c

Usually, these single-character options can be bundled:

    -lac

Options can have values, the value is placed after the option
character. Sometimes with whitespace in between, sometimes not:

    -s 24 -s24

Due to the very cryptic nature of these options, another style was
developed that used long names. So instead of a cryptic C<-l> one
could use the more descriptive C<--long>. To distinguish between a
bundle of single-character options and a long one, two dashes are used
to precede the option name. Early implementations of long options used
a plus C<+> instead. Also, option values could be specified either
like

    --size=24

or

    --size 24

The C<+> form is now obsolete and strongly deprecated.

=head1 Getting Started with Getopt::Long

Getopt::Long is the Perl5 successor of C<newgetopt.pl>. This was
the first Perl module that provided support for handling the new style
of command line options, hence the name Getopt::Long. This module
also supports single-character options and bundling. In this case, the
options are restricted to alphabetic characters only, and the
characters C<?> and C<->.

To use Getopt::Long from a Perl program, you must include the
following line in your Perl program:

    use Getopt::Long;

This will load the core of the Getopt::Long module and prepare your
program for using it. Most of the actual Getopt::Long code is not
loaded until you really call one of its functions.

In the default configuration, options names may be abbreviated to
uniqueness, case does not matter, and a single dash is sufficient,
even for long option names. Also, options may be placed between
non-option arguments. See L<Configuring Getopt::Long> for more
details on how to configure Getopt::Long.

=head2 Simple options

The most simple options are the ones that take no values. Their mere
presence on the command line enables the option. Popular examples are:

    --all --verbose --quiet --debug

Handling simple options is straightforward:

    my $verbose = '';	# option variable with default value (false)
    my $all = '';	# option variable with default value (false)
    GetOptions ('verbose' => \$verbose, 'all' => \$all);

The call to GetOptions() parses the command line arguments that are
present in C<@ARGV> and sets the option variable to the value C<1> if
the option did occur on the command line. Otherwise, the option
variable is not touched. Setting the option value to true is often
called I<enabling> the option.

The option name as specified to the GetOptions() function is called
the option I<specification>. Later we'll see that this specification
can contain more than just the option name. The reference to the
variable is called the option I<destination>.

GetOptions() will return a true value if the command line could be
processed successfully. Otherwise, it will write error messages to
STDERR, and return a false result.

=head2 A little bit less simple options

Getopt::Long supports two useful variants of simple options:
I<negatable> options and I<incremental> options.

A negatable option is specified with a exclamation mark C<!> after the
option name:

    my $verbose = '';	# option variable with default value (false)
    GetOptions ('verbose!' => \$verbose);

Now, using C<--verbose> on the command line will enable C<$verbose>,
as expected. But it is also allowed to use C<--noverbose>, which will
disable C<$verbose> by setting its value to C<0>. Using a suitable
default value, the program can find out whether C<$verbose> is false
by default, or disabled by using C<--noverbose>.

An incremental option is specified with a plus C<+> after the
option name:

    my $verbose = '';	# option variable with default value (false)
    GetOptions ('verbose+' => \$verbose);

Using C<--verbose> on the command line will increment the value of
C<$verbose>. This way the program can keep track of how many times the
option occurred on the command line. For example, each occurrence of
C<--verbose> could increase the verbosity level of the program.

=head2 Mixing command line option with other arguments

Usually programs take command line options as well as other arguments,
for example, file names. It is good practice to always specify the
options first, and the other arguments last. Getopt::Long will,
however, allow the options and arguments to be mixed and 'filter out'
all the options before passing the rest of the arguments to the
program. To stop Getopt::Long from processing further arguments,
insert a double dash C<--> on the command line:

    --size 24 -- --all

In this example, C<--all> will I<not> be treated as an option, but
passed to the program unharmed, in C<@ARGV>.

=head2 Options with values

For options that take values it must be specified whether the option
value is required or not, and what kind of value the option expects.

Three kinds of values are supported: integer numbers, floating point
numbers, and strings.

If the option value is required, Getopt::Long will take the
command line argument that follows the option and assign this to the
option variable. If, however, the option value is specified as
optional, this will only be done if that value does not look like a
valid command line option itself.

    my $tag = '';	# option variable with default value
    GetOptions ('tag=s' => \$tag);

In the option specification, the option name is followed by an equals
sign C<=> and the letter C<s>. The equals sign indicates that this
option requires a value. The letter C<s> indicates that this value is
an arbitrary string. Other possible value types are C<i> for integer
values, and C<f> for floating point values. Using a colon C<:> instead
of the equals sign indicates that the option value is optional. In
this case, if no suitable value is supplied, string valued options get
an empty string C<''> assigned, while numeric options are set to C<0>.

=head2 Options with multiple values

Options sometimes take several values. For example, a program could
use multiple directories to search for library files:

    --library lib/stdlib --library lib/extlib

To accomplish this behaviour, simply specify an array reference as the
destination for the option:

    my @libfiles = ();
    GetOptions ("library=s" => \@libfiles);

Used with the example above, C<@libfiles> would contain two strings
upon completion: C<"lib/srdlib"> and C<"lib/extlib">, in that order.
It is also possible to specify that only integer or floating point
numbers are acceptible values.

Often it is useful to allow comma-separated lists of values as well as
multiple occurrences of the options. This is easy using Perl's split()
and join() operators:

    my @libfiles = ();
    GetOptions ("library=s" => \@libfiles);
    @libfiles = split(/,/,join(',',@libfiles));

Of course, it is important to choose the right separator string for
each purpose.

=head2 Options with hash values

If the option destination is a reference to a hash, the option will
take, as value, strings of the form I<key>C<=>I<value>. The value will
be stored with the specified key in the hash.

    my %defines = ();
    GetOptions ("define=s" => \%defines);

When used with command line options:

    --define os=linux --define vendor=redhat

the hash C<%defines> will contain two keys, C<"os"> with value
C<"linux> and C<"vendor"> with value C<"redhat">.
It is also possible to specify that only integer or floating point
numbers are acceptible values. The keys are always taken to be strings.

=head2 User-defined subroutines to handle options

Ultimate control over what should be done when (actually: each time)
an option is encountered on the command line can be achieved by
designating a reference to a subroutine (or an anonymous subroutine)
as the option destination. When GetOptions() encounters the option, it
will call the subroutine with two arguments: the name of the option,
and the value to be assigned. It is up to the subroutine to store the
value, or do whatever it thinks is appropriate.

A trivial application of this mechanism is to implement options that
are related to each other. For example:

    my $verbose = '';	# option variable with default value (false)
    GetOptions ('verbose' => \$verbose,
	        'quiet'   => sub { $verbose = 0 });

Here C<--verbose> and C<--quiet> control the same variable
C<$verbose>, but with opposite values.

If the subroutine needs to signal an error, it should call die() with
the desired error message as its argument. GetOptions() will catch the
die(), issue the error message, and record that an error result must
be returned upon completion.

If the text of the error message starts with an exclamantion mark C<!>
it is interpreted specially by GetOptions(). There is currently one
special command implemented: C<die("!FINISH")> will cause GetOptions()
to stop processing options, as if it encountered a double dash C<-->.

=head2 Options with multiple names

Often it is user friendly to supply alternate mnemonic names for
options. For example C<--height> could be an alternate name for
C<--length>. Alternate names can be included in the option
specification, separated by vertical bar C<|> characters. To implement
the above example:

    GetOptions ('length|height=f' => \$length);

The first name is called the I<primary> name, the other names are
called I<aliases>.

Multiple alternate names are possible.

=head2 Case and abbreviations

Without additional configuration, GetOptions() will ignore the case of
option names, and allow the options to be abbreviated to uniqueness.

    GetOptions ('length|height=f' => \$length, "head" => \$head);

This call will allow C<--l> and C<--L> for the length option, but
requires a least C<--hea> and C<--hei> for the head and height options.

=head2 Summary of Option Specifications

Each option specifier consists of two parts: the name specification
and the argument specification.

The name specification contains the name of the option, optionally
followed by a list of alternative names separated by vertical bar
characters.

    length	      option name is "length"
    length|size|l     name is "length", aliases are "size" and "l"

The argument specification is optional. If omitted, the option is
considered boolean, a value of 1 will be assigned when the option is
used on the command line.

The argument specification can be

=over

=item !

The option does not take an argument and may be negated, i.e. prefixed
by "no". E.g. C<"foo!"> will allow C<--foo> (a value of 1 will be
assigned) and C<--nofoo> (a value of 0 will be assigned). If the
option has aliases, this applies to the aliases as well.

Using negation on a single letter option when bundling is in effect is
pointless and will result in a warning.

=item +

The option does not take an argument and will be incremented by 1
every time it appears on the command line. E.g. C<"more+">, when used
with C<--more --more --more>, will increment the value three times,
resulting in a value of 3 (provided it was 0 or undefined at first).

The C<+> specifier is ignored if the option destination is not a scalar.

=item = I<type> [ I<desttype> ]

The option requires an argument of the given type. Supported types
are:

=over

=item s

String. An arbitrary sequence of characters. It is valid for the
argument to start with C<-> or C<-->.

=item i

Integer. An optional leading plus or minus sign, followed by a
sequence of digits.

=item f

Real number. For example C<3.14>, C<-6.23E24> and so on.

=back

The I<desttype> can be C<@> or C<%> to specify that the option is
list or a hash valued. This is only needed when the destination for
the option value is not otherwise specified. It should be omitted when
not needed.

=item : I<type> [ I<desttype> ]

Like C<=>, but designates the argument as optional.
If omitted, an empty string will be assigned to string values options,
and the value zero to numeric options.

Note that if a string argument starts with C<-> or C<-->, it will be
considered an option on itself.

=back

=head1 Advanced Possibilities

=head2 Object oriented interface

Getopt::Long can be used in an object oriented way as well:

    use Getopt::Long;
    $p = new Getopt::Long::Parser;
    $p->configure(...configuration options...);
    if ($p->getoptions(...options descriptions...)) ...

Configuration options can be passed to the constructor:

    $p = new Getopt::Long::Parser
             config => [...configuration options...];

For thread safety, each method call will acquire an exclusive lock to
the Getopt::Long module. So don't call these methods from a callback
routine!

=head2 Documentation and help texts

Getopt::Long encourages the use of Pod::Usage to produce help
messages. For example:

    use Getopt::Long;
    use Pod::Usage;

    my $man = 0;
    my $help = 0;