oracle操作.txt

oracle书籍

create index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name; 
/*创建位图索引*/ 
create bitmap index index_name on table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace tablespace_name; 
/*索引中不能用pctused*/ 
create [bitmap] index index_name on table_name(column_name) tablespace tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) ; 
/*大数据量的索引最好不要做日志*/ 
create [bitmap] index index_name table_name(column_name1,column_name2) tablespace_name pctfree 20 storage(inital 100k next 100k) nologging; 
/*创建反转索引*/ 
create index index_name on table_name(column_name) reverse; 
/*创建函数索引*/ 
create index index_name on table_name(function_name(column_name)) tablespace tablespace_name; 
/*建表时创建约束条件*/ 
create table user.table_name(column_name number(7) constraint constraint_name primary key deferrable using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace tablespace_name,column_name2 varchar2(25) constraint constraint_name not null,column_name3 number(7)) tablespace tablespace_name; 

/*给创建bitmap index分配的内存空间参数，以加速建索引*/ 
show parameter create_bit; 

/*改变索引的存储参数*/ 
alter index index_name pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k next 200k); 

/*给索引手工分配一个分区*/ 
alter index index_name allocate extent (size 200k datafile '$ORACLE/oradata/..'); 

/*释放索引中没用的空间*/ 
alter index index_name deallocate unused; 

/*索引重建*/ 
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name; 

/*普通索引和反转索引的互换*/ 
alter index index_name rebuild tablespace tablespace_name reverse; 

/*重建索引时，不锁表*/ 
alter index index_name rebuild online; 

/*给索引整理碎片*/ 
alter index index_name COALESCE; 

/*分析索引,事实上是更新统计的过程*/ 
analyze index index_name validate structure; 

desc index_state; 

drop index index_name; 

alter index index_name monitoring usage;-----监视索引是否被用到 

alter index index_name nomonitoring usage;----取消监视 

/*有关索引信息的视图*/ 
select * from dba_indexes/dba_ind_columns/dbs_ind_expressions/v$object_usage; 

########## 数据完整性的管理(Maintaining data integrity) ########## 

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name;----drop 约束 

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name primary key(column_name1,column_name2);-----创建主键 

alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name unique(column_name1,column_name2);---创建唯一约束 

/*创建外键约束*/ 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name foreign key(column_name1) references table_name(column_name1); 

/*不效验老数据，只约束新的数据[enable/disable：约束/不约束新数据;novalidate/validate:不对/对老数据进行验证]*/ 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name like 'B%') enable/disable novalidate/validate; 

/*修改约束条件，延时验证，commit时验证*/ 
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially deferred; 

/*修改约束条件，立即验证*/ 
alter table table_name modify constraint constraint_name initially immediate; 

alter session set constraints=deferred/immediate; 

/*drop一个有外键的主键表,带cascade constraints参数级联删除*/ 
drop table table_name cascade constraints; 

/*当truncate外键表时，先将外键设为无效，再truncate;*/ 
truncate table table_name; 

/*设约束条件无效*/ 
alter table table_name disable constraint constraint_name; 

alter table table_name enable novalidate constraint constraint_name; 

/*将无效约束的数据行放入exception的表中，此表记录了违反数据约束的行的行号；在此之前，要先建exceptions表*/ 
alter table table_name add constraint constraint_name check(column_name >15) enable validate exceptions into exceptions; 

/*运行创建exceptions表的脚本*/ 
start $ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/utlexcpt.sql; 

/*获取约束条件信息的表或视图*/ 
select * from user_constraints/dba_constraints/dba_cons_columns; 

################## managing password security and resources #################### 

alter user user_name account unlock/open;----锁定/打开用户; 

alter user user_name password expire;---设定口令到期 

/*建立口令配置文件,failed_login_attempts口令输多少次后锁，password_lock_times指多少天后口令被自动解锁*/ 
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_times 1/1440; 
/*创建口令配置文件*/ 
create profile profile_name limit failed_login_attempts 3 password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function password_grace_time 5; 
/*建立资源配置文件*/ 
create profile prfile_name limit session_per_user 2 cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 

alter user user_name profile profile_name; 

/*设置口令解锁时间*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit password_lock_time 1/24; 

/*password_life_time指口令文件多少时间到期，password_grace_time指在第一次成功登录后到口令到期有多少天时间可改变口令*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit password_lift_time 2 password_grace_time 3; 

/*password_reuse_time指口令在多少天内可被重用,password_reuse_max口令可被重用的最大次数*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit password_reuse_time 10[password_reuse_max 3]; 

alter user user_name identified by input_password;-----修改用户口令 

drop profile profile_name; 

/*建立了profile后，且指定给某个用户，则必须用CASCADE才能删除*/ 
drop profile profile_name CASCADE; 

alter system set resource_limit=true;---启用自愿限制,缺省是false 

/*配置资源参数*/ 
alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_session 10000 connect_time 60 idle_time 5; 
/*资源参数(session级) 
cpu_per_session 每个session占用cpu的时间 单位1/100秒 
sessions_per_user 允许每个用户的并行session数 
connect_time 允许连接的时间 单位分钟 
idle_time 连接被空闲多少时间后，被自动断开 单位分钟 
logical_reads_per_session 读块数 
private_sga 用户能够在SGA中使用的私有的空间数 单位bytes 

(call级) 
cpu_per_call 每次(1/100秒)调用cpu的时间 
logical_reads_per_call 每次调用能够读的块数 
*/ 

alter profile profile_name limit cpu_per_call 1000 logical_reads_per_call 10; 

desc dbms_resouce_manager;---资源管理器包 

/*获取资源信息的表或视图*/ 
select * from dba_users/dba_profiles; 

###### Managing users ############ 

show parameter os; 

create user testuser1 identified by kxf_001; 

grant connect,createtable to testuser1; 

alter user testuser1 quota 10m on tablespace_name; 

/*创建用户*/ 
create user user_name identified by password default tablespace tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 

/*数据库级设定缺省临时表空间*/ 
alter database default temporary tablespace tablespace_name; 

/*制定数据库级的缺省表空间*/ 
alter database default tablespace tablespace_name; 

/*创建os级审核的用户，需知道os_authent_prefix，表示oracle和os口令对应的前缀,'OPS$'为此参数的值，此值可以任意设置*/ 
create user user_name identified by externally default OPS$tablespace_name tablespace_name temporary tablespace tablespace_name quota 15m on tablespace_name password expire; 

/*修改用户使用表空间的限额,回滚表空间和临时表空间不允许授予限额*/ 
alter user user_name quota 5m on tablespace_name; 

/*删除用户或删除级联用户(用户对象下有对象的要用CASCADE，将其下一些对象一起删除)*/ 
drop user user_name [CASCADE]; 

/*每个用户在哪些表空间下有些什么限额*/ 
desc dba_ts_quotas;select * from dba_ts_quotas where username='...'; 

/*改变用户的缺省表空间*/ 
alter user user_name default tablespace tablespace_name; 

######### Managing Privileges ############# 

grant create table,create session to user_name; 

grant create any table to user_name; revoke create any table from user_name; 

/*授予权限语法,public 标识所有用户,with admin option允许能将权限授予第三者的权限*/ 
grant system_privs,[......] to [user/role/public],[....] [with admin option]; 

select * from v$pwfile_users; 

/*当 O7_dictionary_accessiblity参数为True时，标识select any table时，包括系统表也能select ,否则，不包含系统表;缺省为false*/ 
show parameter O7; 

/*由于 O7_dictionary_accessiblity为静态参数，不能动态改变，故加scope=spfile,下次启动时才生效*/ 
alter system set O7_dictionary_accessiblity=true scope=spfile; 

/*授予对象中的某些字段的权限，如select 某表中的某些字段的权限*/ 
grant [object_privs(column,....)],[...] on object_name to user/role/public,... with grant option; 

/*oracle不允许授予select某列的权限,但可以授insert ,update某列的权限*/ 
grant insert(column_name1,column_name2,...) on table_name to user_name with grant option; 

select * from dba_sys_privs/session_privs/dba_tab_privs/user_tab_privs/dba_col_privs/user_col_privs; 

/*db/os/none 审计被记录在 数据库/操作系统/不审计 缺省是none*/ 
show parameter audit_trail; 

/*启动对表的select动作*/ 
audit select on user.table_name by session; 

/*by session在每个session中发出command只记录一次，by access则每个command都记录*/ 
audit [create table][select/update/insert on object by session/access][whenever successful/not successful]; 

desc dbms_fga;---进一步设计，则可使用dbms_fgs包 

/*取消审计*/ 
noaudit select on user.table_name; 

/*查被审计信息*/ 
select * from all_def_audit_opts/dba_stmt_audit_opts/dba_priv_audit_opts/dba_obj_audit_opts; 

/*获取审计记录*/ 
select * from dba_audit_trail/dba_audit_exists/dba_audit_object/dba_audit_session/dba_audit_statement; 

########### Managing Role ################# 

create role role_name; grant select on table_name to role_name; grant role_name to user_name; set role role_name; 

create role role_name; 
create role role_name identified by password; 
create role role_name identified externally; 

set role role_name ; ----激活role 
set role role_name identified by password; 

alter role role_name not identified; 
alter role role_name identified by password; 
alter role role_name identified externally; 

grant priv_name to role_name [WITH ADMIN OPTION]; 
grant update(column_name1,col_name2,...) on table_name to role_name; 
grant role_name1 to role_name2; 

/*建立default role,用户登录时，缺省激活default role*/ 
alter user user_name default role role_name1,role_name2,...; 
alter user user_name default role all; 
alter user user_name default role all except role_name1,...; 
alter user user_name default role none; 

set role role1 [identified by password],role2,....; 
set role all; 
set role except role1,role2,...; 
set role none; 

revoke role_name from user_name; 
revoke role_name from public; 

drop role role_name; 

select * from dba_roles/dba_role_privs/role_role_privs/dba_sys_privs/role_sys_privs/role_tab_privs/session_roles; 

########### Basic SQL SELECT ################ 

select col_name as col_alias from table_name ; 

select col_name from table_name where col1 like '_o%'; ----'_'匹配单个字符 

/*使用字符函数(右边截取,字段中包含某个字符,左边填充某字符到固定位数,右边填充某字符到固定位数)*/ 
select substr(col1,-3,5),instr(col2,'g'),LPAD(col3,10,'$'),RPAD(col4,10,'%') from table_name; 

/*使用数字函数(往右/左几位四舍五入,取整,取余)*/ 
select round(col1,-2),trunc(col2),mod(col3) from table_name ; 

/*使用日期函数(计算两个日期间相差几个星期,两个日期间相隔几个月,在某个月份上加几个月,某个日期的下一个日期, 
某日期所在月的最后的日期,对某个日期的月分四舍五入，对某个日期的月份进行取整)*/ 
select (sysdate-col1)/7 week,months_between(sysdate,col1),add_months(col1,2),next_day(sysdate,'FRIDAY'),last_day(sysdate), 
round(sysdate,'MONTH'),trunc(sysdate,'MONTH') from table_name; 

/*使用NULL函数(当expr1为空取expr2/当expr1为空取expr2,否则取expr3/当expr1=expr2返回空)*/ 
select nvl(expr1,expr2),nvl2(expr1,expr2,expr3),nullif(expr1,expr2) from table_name; 

select column1,column2,column3, case column2 when '50' then column2*1.1 
when '30' then column2*2.1 
when '10' then column3/20 
else column3 
end as ttt 
from table_name ; ------使用case函数 

select table1.col1,table2.col2 from table1 
[CROSS JOIN table2] | -----笛卡儿连接 
[NATURAL JOIN table2] | -----用两个表中的同名列连接 
[JOIN table2 USING (column_name)] | -----用两个表中的同名列中的某一列或几列连接 
[JOIN table2 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)] | 
[LEFT|RIGHT|FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ------相当于(+)=,=(+)连接,全外连接 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2)]; ------SQL 1999中的JOIN语法; 

example: 
select col1,col2 from table1 t1 
join table2 t2 
on t1.col1=t2.col2 and t1.col3=t2.col1 
join table3 t3 
on t2.col1=t3.col3; 

select * from table_name where col1 < any (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 

select * from table_name where col1 < all (select col2 from table_name2 where continue group by col3); 

insert into (select col1,col2,col3 form table_name where col1> 50 with check option) values (value1,value2,value3); 

MERGE INTO table_name table1 
USING table_name2 table2 
ON (table1.col1=table2.col2) 
WHEN MATCHED THEN 
UPDATE SET 
table1.col1=table2.col2, 
table1.col2=table2.col3, 
... 
WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN 
INSERT VALUES(table2.col1,table2.col2,table2.col3,...); -----合并语句 

##################### CREATE/ALTER TABLE ####################### 

alter table table_name drop column column_name ;---drop column 

alter table table_name set unused (col1,col2,...);----设置列无效，这个比较快。 
alter table table_name drop unused columns;---删除被设为无效的列 

rename table_name1 to table_name2; ---重命名表 

comment on table table_name is 'comment message';----给表放入注释信息 

create table table_name 
(col1 int not null,col2 varchar2(20),col3 varchar2(20), 
constraint uk_test2_1 unique(col2,col3))); -----定义表中的约束条件 

alter table table_name add constraint pk_test2 primary key(col1,col2,...); ----创建主键 

/*建立外键*/ 
create table table_name (rid int,name varchar2(20),constraint fk_test3 foreign key(rid) references other_table_name(id)); 

alter table table_name add constraint ck_test3 check(name like 'K%'); 

alter table table_name drop constraint constraint_name; 

alter table table_name drop primary key cascade;----级联删除主键 

alter table table_name disable/enable constraint constraint_name;----使约束暂时无效 

/*删除列，并级联删除此列下的约束条件*/ 
alter table table_name drop column column_name cascade constraint; 

select * from user_constraints/user_cons_columns;---约束条件相关视图 

############## Create Views ##################### 

CREATE [OR REPLACE] [FORCE|NOFORCE] VIEW view_name [(alias[,alias]...)] 
AS subquery 
[WITH CHECK OPTION [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]] 
[WITH READ ONLY [CONSTRAINT constraint_name]]; ------创建视图的语法 

example: Create or replace view testview as select col1,col2,col3 from table_name; ------创建视图 
/*使用别名*/ 
Create or replace view testview as select col1,sum(col2) col2_alias from table_name; 
/*创建复杂视图*/ 
Create view view_name (alias1,alias2,alias3,alias4) as select d.col1,min(e.col1),max(e.col1),avg(e.col1) from table_name1 e,table_name2 d where e.col2=d.col2 group by d.col1; 
/*当用update修改数据时，必须满足视图的col1>10的条件，不满足则不能被改变.*/ 
Create or replace view view_name as select * from table_name where col1>10 with check option; 

/*改变视图的值.对于简单视图可以用update语法修改表数据，但复杂视图则不一定能改。如使用了函数，group by ,distinct等的列*/ 
update view_name set col1=value1; 

/*TOP-N分析*/ 
select [column_list],rownum from (select [column_list] from table_name order by Top-N_column) where rownum<=N; 

/*找出某列三条最大值的记录*/ 
example: select rownum as rank ,col1 ,col2 from (select col1 ,col2 from table_name order by col2 desc) where rownum<=3; 

############# Other database Object ############### 

CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name [INCREMENT BY n] 
[START WITH n] 
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}] 
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}] 
[{CYCEL | NOCYCLE}] 
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}]; -----创建SEQUENCE 

example: 
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence_name INCREMENT BY 10 
START WITH 120 
MAXVALUE 9999 
NOCACHE 
NOCYCLE; 

select * from user_sequences ;---当前用户下记录sequence的视图 

select sequence_name.nextval,sequence_name.currval from dual;-----sequence的引用 

alter sequence sequence_name INCREMENT BY 20 
MAXVALUE 999999 
NOCACHE 
NOCYCLE; -----修改sequence,不能改变起始序号 

drop sequence sequence_name; ----删除sequence 

CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym_name FOR object; ------创建同义词