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<!doctype HTML public "-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML 3.0//EN"><HTML><HEAD><TITLE>I/O ports</TITLE><META name="description" content="Simulation of I/O ports of IBM PC"><META name="keywords" content="i/o ports, direct io, port"><META name="robots" content="nofollow"></HEAD><BODY bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#007099" alink="#FF0000"><TABLE WIDTH=80%><TR><TD><FONT FACE="Verdana" SIZE=3><FONT SIZE=+2><B>I/O ports</B></FONT><BR><BR><BR>Emulator does not reproduce any original I/O ports of IBM PC, insteadit has virtual devices that can be accessed by IN/OUT instructions.<BR><BR><HR><BR><B>Custom I/O Devices</B><BR><BR>"<I>Emu8086</I>" supports additional devicesthat can be created by 3rd party vendors. Device can be written in anylanguage, such as: Visual Basic,VC++, Delphi. For more information and sample source code look inside <B>DEVICES</B> folder.<BR><BR>Reserved input / output addresses for customdevices are: from 00000Fh to 0FFFFh (15 to 65535).Port 100 corresponds to byte 100 in "<B>EmuPort.io</B>"file, port 101 to the byte 101, etc...<BR>(we count from zero).<BR>"<B>EmuPort.io</B>" file is located in Windows "<B>Temp</B>" directory (can be accessed by <I>GetTempPath()</I>function of the API).<BR><BR>I'll be glad to include devices made by youin the next release of "<I>Emu8086</I>". If you decideto share your device with other developersaround the world - please <A HREF="mailto:info@emu8086.com">send us</A> the sourcecode of the device!<BR><BR><HR><BR><BR>Devicesare available from "<B>Virtual Devices</B>" menu of the emulator.<BR><BR><UL><LI><B>Traffic Lights</B> - Port 4 (word)<BR><BR>The traffic lights are controlled by sending data to I/O Port 4.<BR>There are 12 lamps: 4 green, 4 yellow, and 4 red.<BR><BR>You can set the state of each lamp by setting its bit:<BR><BR><B>1</B> - the lamp is turned on.<BR><B>0</B> - the lamp is turned off.<BR><BR>Only 12 low bits of a word are used (0 to 11), last bits (12 to 15) are unused.<BR><BR>For example:<BR><BR><FONT FACE="Fixedsys">MOV AX, 0000001011110100b<BR>OUT 4, AX<BR><BR></FONT><IMG SRC="traffic.gif" WIDTH=233 HEIGHT=276><BR><BR>We use yellow hexadecimal digits in caption (to achieve compact view), here's a conversion:<BR><PRE><FONT FACE="Fixedsys">Hex - DecimalA - 10B - 11C - 12 (unused)D - 13 (unused)E - 14 (unused)F - 15 (unused)</FONT></PRE><BR>First operand for <B>OUT</B> instruction is a port number (<B>4</B>), second operandis a word (<B>AX</B>) that is written to the port. First operand must be an immediate bytevalue (0..255) or <B>DX</B> register. Second operand must be <B>AX</B> or <B>AL</B> only.<BR><BR>See also "<B>traffic_lights.asm</B>" in Samples.<BR><BR><HR><BR>If required you can read the data from port using <B>IN</B> instruction, for example:<BR><BR><FONT FACE="Fixedsys">IN AX, 4<BR><BR></FONT>First operand of <B>IN</B> instruction (<B>AX</B>) receives the value from port,second operand (<B>4</B>) is a port number. First operand must be <B>AX</B> or <B>AL</B> only.Second operand must be an immediate byte value (0..255) or <B>DX</B> register.<BR><BR><HR><BR><BR></LI><LI><B>Stepper Motor</B> - Port 7 (byte)<BR><BR>The Stepper Motor is controlled by sending data to I/O Port 7.<BR><BR>Stepper Motor is electric motor that can be precisely controlled bysignals from a computer.<BR><BR>The motor turns through a precise angle each time it receives a signal.<BR><BR>By varying the rate at which signal pulses are produced,the motor can be run at different speeds or turned throughan exact angle and then stopped.<BR><BR>This is a basic 3-phase stepper motor, it has 3 magnets controlled by bits <B>0, 1 and 2</B>.Other bits (3..7) are unused.<BR><BR>When magnet is working it becomes red. The arrow in the left upper corner showsthe direction of the last motor move. Green line is here just to see that it isreally rotating.<BR><BR><IMG SRC="stepper.gif" WIDTH=237 HEIGHT=215><BR><BR>For example, the code below will do three clock-wise half-steps:<BR><BR><FONT FACE="Fixedsys">MOV AL, 001b ; initialize.<BR>OUT 7, AL<BR><BR>MOV AL, 011b ; half step 1.<BR>OUT 7, AL<BR><BR>MOV AL, 010b ; half step 2.<BR>OUT 7, AL<BR><BR>MOV AL, 110b ; half step 3.<BR>OUT 7, AL<BR><BR></FONT>If you ever played with magnets you will understand how it works.Try experimenting, or see "<B>stepper_motor.asm</B>" in Samples.<BR><BR>If required you can read the data from port using <B>IN</B> instruction, for example:<BR><BR><FONT FACE="Fixedsys">IN AL, 7<BR><BR></FONT><HR><BR><BR></LI><LI><B>Robot</B> - Port 9 (3 bytes)<BR><BR><IMG SRC="robot.gif" WIDTH=530 HEIGHT=352><BR><BR>The Robot is controlled by sending data to I/O Port 9.<BR><BR><BR>First byte (Port 9) is a <B>Command Register</B>. Set values tothis port to make robot do something. Supported values:<BR><BR><TABLE BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=7><TR><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Decimal Value</TD><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Binary Value</TD><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Action</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>0</B> </TD> <TD>00000000</TD> <TD> Do nothing.</TD></TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>1</B> </TD> <TD>00000001</TD> <TD> Move Forward.</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>2</B> </TD> <TD>00000010</TD> <TD> Turn Left.</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>3</B> </TD> <TD>00000011</TD> <TD> Turn Right.</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>4</B> </TD> <TD>00000100</TD> <TD>Examine. Examines an object in front using sensor. When robot completes the task, result is set to <B>Data Register</B> and <B>Bit #0</B> of <B>Status Register</B> is set to <B>1</B>.</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>5</B> </TD> <TD>00000101</TD> <TD> Switch On a Lamp.</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>6</B> </TD> <TD>00000110</TD> <TD> Switch Off a Lamp.</TD></TR></TABLE><BR><BR>Second byte (Port 10) is a <B>Data Register</B>. This registeris set after robot completes the <B>Examine</B> command:<BR><BR><TABLE BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=7><TR><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Decimal Value</TD><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Binary Value</TD><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Meaning</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>255</B></TD> <TD>11111111</TD> <TD>Wall</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>0</B></TD> <TD>00000000</TD> <TD>Nothing</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>7</B></TD> <TD>00000111</TD> <TD>Switched-On Lamp</TD></TR><TR><TD ALIGN=CENTER VALIGN=CENTER><B>8</B></TD> <TD>00001000</TD> <TD>Switched-Off Lamp</TD></TR></TABLE><BR><BR>Third byte (Port 11) is a <B>Status Register</B>. Read values fromthis port to determine the state of the robot. Each bit hasa specific property:<BR><BR><TABLE BORDER=1 CELLPADDING=7><TR><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW><NOBR>Bit Number</NOBR></TD><TD BGCOLOR=YELLOW>Description</TD></TR><TR><TD><B>Bit #0 </B> </TD><TD> <B>zero</B> when there is no new data in <B>Data Register</B>, <B>one</B> when there is new data in <B>Data Register</B>.</TD></TR><TR><TD><B>Bit #1 </B> </TD><TD> <B>zero</B> when robot is ready for next command, <B>one</B> when robot is busy doing some task.</TD></TR><TR><TD><B>Bit #2 </B> </TD><TD> <B>zero</B> when there is no error on last command execution, <B>one</B> when there is an error on command execution (when robot cannot complete the task: move, turn, examine, switch on/off lamp).</TD></TR></TABLE><BR><BR>Example:<BR><PRE><FONT FACE="Fixedsys">MOV AL, 1 ; move forward.OUT 9, AL ;MOV AL, 3 ; turn right.OUT 9, AL ;MOV AL, 1 ; move forward.OUT 9, AL ;MOV AL, 2 ; turn left.OUT 9, AL ;MOV AL, 1 ; move forward.OUT 9, AL ;</FONT></PRE><BR>Keep in mind that robot is amechanical creature and it takessome time for it to completea task. You should always check bit#1 of <B>Status Register</B>before sending data to Port 9, otherwisethe robot will reject your command and "<FONT COLOR=red><B>BUSY!</B></FONT>" will beshown. See "<B>robot.asm</B>" in Samples.<BR><BR><HR><BR><B>Creating Custom <I>Robot World</I> Map</B><BR><BR>You can create any map for the robot using the tool box.<BR><BR>If you choose <B>robot</B> and place it over existing <B>robot</B> itwill turn 90 degrees counter-clock-wise. To manually move the <B>robot</B>just place it anywhere else on the map.<BR><BR>If you choose <B>lamp</B> and place it over <B>switched-on lamp</B>the <B>lamp</B> will become <B>switched-off</B>, if <B>lamp</B> isalready <B>switched-off</B> it will be <B>deleted</B>. <BR><BR>Placing <B>wall</B> over existing <B>wall</B> will <B>delete</B> it.<BR><BR>Current version is limited to a single robot only. If you forget to placea robot on the map it will be placed in some random coordinates.<BR><BR>The map is automatically saved on exit.<BR><BR>Right-click the map to get a popup menu thatallows to <NOBR>Switch-Off/On</NOBR> all Lamps.<BR><BR><HR></LI></UL></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><BR></BODY></HTML>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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