locale.html

unix 下的C开发手册,还用详细的例程。

<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;asterisk&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;plus-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;comma&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;hyphen&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;period&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;slash&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;zero&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;one&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;two&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;three&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;four&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;five&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;six&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;seven&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;eight&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;nine&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>digit, xdigit, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;colon&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;semicolon&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;less-than-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;equals-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;greater-than-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;question-mark&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;commercial-at&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;A&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;a&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;B&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;b&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;C&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;c&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;D&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;d&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;E&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;e&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;F&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;f&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;G&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;g&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;H&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;h&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;I&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;i&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;J&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;j&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;K&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;k&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;L&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;l&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;M&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;m&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;N&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;n&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;O&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;o&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;P&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;p&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;Q&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;q&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;R&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;r&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;S&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;s&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;T&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;t&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;U&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;u&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;V&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;v&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;W&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;w&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;X&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;x&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;Y&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;y&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;Z&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;z&gt;
<td align=left><b>upper, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;left-square-bracket&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;backslash&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;right-square-bracket&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;circumflex&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;underscore&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;grave-accent&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;a&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;A&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;b&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;B&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;c&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;C&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;d&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;D&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;e&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;E&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;f&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;F&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, xdigit, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;g&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;G&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;h&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;H&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;i&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;I&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;j&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;J&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;k&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;K&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;l&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;L&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;m&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;M&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;n&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;N&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;o&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;O&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;p&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;P&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;q&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;Q&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;r&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;R&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;s&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;S&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;t&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;T&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;u&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;U&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;v&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;V&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;w&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;W&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;x&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;X&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;y&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;Y&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;z&gt;
<td align=center>&lt;Z&gt;
<td align=left><b>lower, alpha, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;left-curly-bracket&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;vertical-line&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;right-curly-bracket&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;tilde&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;DEL&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
</table>
<h4><a name = "tag_005_003_002">&nbsp;</a>LC_COLLATE</h4>
<xref type="3" name="lc_collate"></xref>
The LC_COLLATE category
provides a collation sequence definition for numerous
utilities in the <b>XCU</b> specification
(<i><a href="../xcu/sort.html">sort</a></i>,
<i><a href="../xcu/uniq.html">uniq</a></i>,
and so forth), regular expression matching (see
<xref href=re><a href="re.html#tag_007">
Regular Expressions
</a></xref>)
and the
<i><a href="../xsh/strcoll.html">strcoll()</a></i>,
<i><a href="../xsh/strxfrm.html">strxfrm()</a></i>,
<i><a href="../xsh/wcscoll.html">wcscoll()</a></i>
and
<i><a href="../xsh/wcsxfrm.html">wcsxfrm()</a></i>
functions in the <b>XSH</b> specification.
<p>
A collation sequence definition defines the relative order between
collating elements (characters and multi-character collating elements)
in the locale.
This order is expressed in terms of collation values;
that is,
by assigning each element one or more collation values (also known
as collation weights).
This does not imply that implementations
assign such values, but that ordering of strings using the resultant
collation definition in the locale will behave as if such assignment
is done and used in the collation process.
At least the following capabilities are provided:
<ol>
<p>
<li>
<b>Multi-character collating elements</b>.
Specification of multi-character collating elements (that is, sequences of
two or more characters to be collated as an entity).
<p>
<li>
<b>User-defined ordering of collating elements</b>.
Each collating element is assigned a collation value defining
its order in the character (or basic) collation sequence.
This ordering
is used by regular expressions and pattern matching and, unless
collation weights are explicitly specified, also as the collation weight
to be used in sorting.
<p>
<li>
<b>Multiple weights and equivalence classes</b>.
Collating elements can be
assigned one or more (up to the limit
{COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX})
collating weights for use in sorting.
The first weight is hereafter referred to as the primary weight.
<p>
<li>
<b>One-to-Many mapping</b>.
A single character is mapped into a string of collating elements.
<p>
<li>
<b>Equivalence class definition</b>.
Two or more collating elements have the same collation value
(primary weight).
<p>
<li>
<b>Ordering by weights</b>.
When two strings are compared to determine
their relative order, the two strings are first broken up
into a series of collating elements; the elements in each successive pair
of elements are then compared according to the relative primary weights
for the elements.
If equal, and more than one weight has been
assigned, then the pairs of collating elements are recompared
according to the relative subsequent weights, until either a
pair of collating elements compare unequal or the weights are exhausted.
<p>
</ol>
<p>
The following keywords are recognised in
a collation sequence definition.
They are described in detail in the following sections.
<dl compact>

<dt><b>collating-element</b><dd>Define a collating-element
symbol representing a multi-character collating element.
This keyword is optional.

<dt><b>collating-symbol</b><dd>Define a collating symbol
for use in collation order statements.
This keyword is optional.

<dt><b>order_start</b><dd>Define collation rules.
This statement is followed by one or
more collation order statements, assigning
character collation values and collation
weights to collating elements.

<dt><b>order_end</b><dd>Specify the end of the collation-order statements.

<dt><b>copy</b><dd>Specify the name of an existing locale to be used as
the definition of this category.
If this keyword is specified, no other keyword can be specified.

</dl>
<h5><a name = "tag_005_003_002_001">&nbsp;</a>The collating-element Keyword</h5>
In addition to the collating elements in the character set, the
<b>collating-element</b>
keyword is used to define multi-character
collating elements.
The syntax is:
<p>
<dl compact><dt> <dd>
<tt>"collating-element %s from \"%s\"\n"</tt>, &lt;<i>collating-symbol</i>&gt;,
&lt;<i>string</i>&gt;
</dl>
</p>
<p>
The
&lt;<i>collating-symbol</i>&gt;
operand is a symbolic name,
enclosed between angle brackets
(&lt;
and
&gt;),
and must not duplicate
any symbolic name in the current charmap file (if any), or any other
symbolic name defined in this collation definition.
The string operand is a string of two or more characters that
collates as an entity.
A
&lt;<i>collating-element</i>&gt;
defined via this
keyword is only recognised with the LC_COLLATE category.
<p>
<b>Example</b>:
<code>
<pre>
collating-element &lt;ch&gt; from "&lt;c&gt;&lt;h&gt;"
collating-element &lt;e-acute&gt; from "&lt;acute&gt;&lt;e&gt;"
collating-element &lt;ll&gt; from "ll"
</code>
</pre>
<h5><a name = "tag_005_003_002_002">&nbsp;</a>The collating-symbol Keyword</h5>
This keyword will be used to define symbols for use in collation
sequence statements; that is,
between the
<b>order_start</b>
and the
<b>order_end</b>
keywords.
The syntax is:
<pre>
<dl compact><dt> <dd>
<tt>"collating-symbol %s\n"</tt>, &lt;<i>collating-symbol</i>&gt;
</dl>
</pre>
<p>
The
&lt;<i>collating-symbol</i>&gt;
is a symbolic name,