locale.html

unix 下的C开发手册,还用详细的例程。

The lower-case letters
a
to
z,
and their corresponding upper-case letters
A
to
Z,
of the portable character set
are automatically included in this mapping,
but only when the
<b>toupper</b>
keyword is omitted from the locale definition.

<dt><b>tolower</b><dd>Define the mapping of upper-case letters to lower-case letters.

In the POSIX locale,
at a minimum, the 26 upper-case characters:
<code>
<pre>
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
</code>
</pre>


are mapped to the corresponding 26 lower-case characters:
<code>
<pre>
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
</code>
</pre>

In a locale definition file,
the operand consists of character pairs, separated by semicolons.
The characters in each character pair are separated by a comma and
the pair enclosed by parentheses.
The first character in each pair is the upper-case letter, the
second the corresponding lower-case letter.
Only characters specified for the keywords
<b>lower</b>
and
<b>upper</b>
can be specified.
If the
<b>tolower</b>
keyword is omitted from the locale definition,
the mapping will be the
reverse mapping of the one specified for
<b>toupper</b>.

<dt><b>copy</b><dd>Specify the name of an existing locale to be used as
the definition of this category.
If this keyword is specified, no other keyword can be specified.

</dl>
<p>
The following table shows the character class combinations allowed.
<pre>
<table  bordercolor=#000000 border=1 align=center><tr valign=top><th align=center><b>In</b>
<th colspan=11 align=center><b>Can Also Belong To</b>
<tr valign=top><th align=center><b>Class</b>
<th align=center>upper
<th align=left>lower
<th align=center>alpha
<th align=left>digit
<th align=center>space
<th align=left>cntrl
<th align=center>punct
<th align=left>graph
<th align=center>print
<th align=left>xdigit
<th align=center>blank
<tr valign=top><td align=left>upper 
<td align=center> &nbsp;
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>x
<tr valign=top><td align=left>lower 
<td align=center>-
<td align=left> &nbsp;
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>x
<tr valign=top><td align=left>alpha 
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center> &nbsp;
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>x
<tr valign=top><td align=left>digit 
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left> &nbsp;
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>x
<tr valign=top><td align=left>space 
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center> &nbsp;
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>*
<td align=left>*
<td align=center>*
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<tr valign=top><td align=left>cntrl 
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<td align=left> &nbsp;
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<tr valign=top><td align=left>punct 
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>x
<td align=center> &nbsp;
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<tr valign=top><td align=left>graph 
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<td align=left> &nbsp;
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<tr valign=top><td align=left>print 
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center> &nbsp;
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<tr valign=top><td align=left>xdigit
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>-
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>A
<td align=center>A
<td align=left> &nbsp;
<td align=center>x
<tr valign=top><td align=left>blank 
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>x
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>A
<td align=left>-
<td align=center>*
<td align=left>*
<td align=center>*
<td align=left>x
<td align=center>&nbsp;
</table>
<h6 align=center><xref table="Valid Character Class Combinations"><a name="tagt_5">&nbsp;</a></xref>Table: Valid Character Class Combinations</h6>
<b>Notes:</b>
<dd><ol>
<li>
Explanation of codes:
<dl compact>

<dt>A<dd>Automatically included; see text.

<dt>-<dd>Permitted.

<dt>x<dd>Mutually exclusive.

<dt>*<dd>See note 2.
</dl>

<li>
The space character, which is part of the <b>space</b> and <b>blank</b> classes, 
cannot belong to <b>punct</b> or <b>graph</b>, but automatically belongs to 
the <b>print</b> class.  Other <b>space</b> or <b>blank</b> characters can 
be classified as any of <b>punct</b>, <b>graph</b> or <b>print</b>.

</ol>
</pre>
The character classifications for the POSIX locale follow;
the code listing depicting the
<i><a href="../xcu/localedef.html">localedef</a></i>
input, the table representing the same
information, sorted by character.
<code>
<pre>
LC_CTYPE
# The following is the POSIX locale LC_CTYPE.
# "alpha" is by default "upper" and "lower"
# "alnum" is by definition "alpha" and "digit"
# "print" is by default "alnum", "punct" and the &lt;space&gt; character
# "graph" is by default "alnum" and "punct"
#
upper    &lt;A&gt;;&lt;B&gt;;&lt;C&gt;;&lt;D&gt;;&lt;E&gt;;&lt;F&gt;;&lt;G&gt;;&lt;H&gt;;&lt;I&gt;;&lt;J&gt;;&lt;K&gt;;&lt;L&gt;;&lt;M&gt;;\
         &lt;N&gt;;&lt;O&gt;;&lt;P&gt;;&lt;Q&gt;;&lt;R&gt;;&lt;S&gt;;&lt;T&gt;;&lt;U&gt;;&lt;V&gt;;&lt;W&gt;;&lt;X&gt;;&lt;Y&gt;;&lt;Z&gt;
#
lower    &lt;a&gt;;&lt;b&gt;;&lt;c&gt;;&lt;d&gt;;&lt;e&gt;;&lt;f&gt;;&lt;g&gt;;&lt;h&gt;;&lt;i&gt;;&lt;j&gt;;&lt;k&gt;;&lt;l&gt;;&lt;m&gt;;\
         &lt;n&gt;;&lt;o&gt;;&lt;p&gt;;&lt;q&gt;;&lt;r&gt;;&lt;s&gt;;&lt;t&gt;;&lt;u&gt;;&lt;v&gt;;&lt;w&gt;;&lt;x&gt;;&lt;y&gt;;&lt;z&gt;
#
digit    &lt;zero&gt;;&lt;one&gt;;&lt;two&gt;;&lt;three&gt;;&lt;four&gt;;&lt;five&gt;;&lt;six&gt;;\
         &lt;seven&gt;;&lt;eight&gt;;&lt;nine&gt;
#
space    &lt;tab&gt;;&lt;newline&gt;;&lt;vertical-tab&gt;;&lt;form-feed&gt;;\
         &lt;carriage-return&gt;;&lt;space&gt;
#
cntrl    &lt;alert&gt;;&lt;backspace&gt;;&lt;tab&gt;;&lt;newline&gt;;&lt;vertical-tab&gt;;\
         &lt;form-feed&gt;;&lt;carriage-return&gt;;\
         &lt;NUL&gt;;&lt;SOH&gt;;&lt;STX&gt;;&lt;ETX&gt;;&lt;EOT&gt;;&lt;ENQ&gt;;&lt;ACK&gt;;&lt;SO&gt;;\
         &lt;SI&gt;;&lt;DLE&gt;;&lt;DC1&gt;;&lt;DC2&gt;;&lt;DC3&gt;;&lt;DC4&gt;;&lt;NAK&gt;;&lt;SYN&gt;;\
         &lt;ETB&gt;;&lt;CAN&gt;;&lt;EM&gt;;&lt;SUB&gt;;&lt;ESC&gt;;&lt;IS4&gt;;&lt;IS3&gt;;&lt;IS2&gt;;\
         &lt;IS1&gt;;&lt;DEL&gt;
#
punct    &lt;exclamation-mark&gt;;&lt;quotation-mark&gt;;&lt;number-sign&gt;;\
         &lt;dollar-sign&gt;;&lt;percent-sign&gt;;&lt;ampersand&gt;;&lt;apostrophe&gt;;\
         &lt;left-parenthesis&gt;;&lt;right-parenthesis&gt;;&lt;asterisk&gt;;\
         &lt;plus-sign&gt;;&lt;comma&gt;;&lt;hyphen&gt;;&lt;period&gt;;&lt;slash&gt;;\
         &lt;colon&gt;;&lt;semicolon&gt;;&lt;less-than-sign&gt;;&lt;equals-sign&gt;;\
         &lt;greater-than-sign&gt;;&lt;question-mark&gt;;&lt;commercial-at&gt;;\
         &lt;left-square-bracket&gt;;&lt;backslash&gt;;&lt;right-square-bracket&gt;;\
         &lt;circumflex&gt;;&lt;underscore&gt;;&lt;grave-accent&gt;;&lt;left-curly-bracket&gt;;\
         &lt;vertical-line&gt;;&lt;right-curly-bracket&gt;;&lt;tilde&gt;
#
xdigit   &lt;zero&gt;;&lt;one&gt;;&lt;two&gt;;&lt;three&gt;;&lt;four&gt;;&lt;five&gt;;&lt;six&gt;;&lt;seven&gt;;\
         &lt;eight&gt;;&lt;nine&gt;;&lt;A&gt;;&lt;B&gt;;&lt;C&gt;;&lt;D&gt;;&lt;E&gt;;&lt;F&gt;;&lt;a&gt;;&lt;b&gt;;&lt;c&gt;;&lt;d&gt;;&lt;e&gt;;&lt;f&gt;
#
blank    &lt;space&gt;;&lt;tab&gt;
#
toupper (&lt;a&gt;,&lt;A&gt;);(&lt;b&gt;,&lt;B&gt;);(&lt;c&gt;,&lt;C&gt;);(&lt;d&gt;,&lt;D&gt;);(&lt;e&gt;,&lt;E&gt;);\
        (&lt;f&gt;,&lt;F&gt;);(&lt;g&gt;,&lt;G&gt;);(&lt;h&gt;,&lt;H&gt;);(&lt;i&gt;,&lt;I&gt;);(&lt;j&gt;,&lt;J&gt;);\
        (&lt;k&gt;,&lt;K&gt;);(&lt;l&gt;,&lt;L&gt;);(&lt;m&gt;,&lt;M&gt;);(&lt;n&gt;,&lt;N&gt;);(&lt;o&gt;,&lt;O&gt;);\
        (&lt;p&gt;,&lt;P&gt;);(&lt;q&gt;,&lt;Q&gt;);(&lt;r&gt;,&lt;R&gt;);(&lt;s&gt;,&lt;S&gt;);(&lt;t&gt;,&lt;T&gt;);\
        (&lt;u&gt;,&lt;U&gt;);(&lt;v&gt;,&lt;V&gt;);(&lt;w&gt;,&lt;W&gt;);(&lt;x&gt;,&lt;X&gt;);(&lt;y&gt;,&lt;Y&gt;);(&lt;z&gt;,&lt;Z&gt;)
#
tolower (&lt;A&gt;,&lt;a&gt;);(&lt;B&gt;,&lt;b&gt;);(&lt;C&gt;,&lt;c&gt;);(&lt;D&gt;,&lt;d&gt;);(&lt;E&gt;,&lt;e&gt;);\
        (&lt;F&gt;,&lt;f&gt;);(&lt;G&gt;,&lt;g&gt;);(&lt;H&gt;,&lt;h&gt;);(&lt;I&gt;,&lt;i&gt;);(&lt;J&gt;,&lt;j&gt;);\
        (&lt;K&gt;,&lt;k&gt;);(&lt;L&gt;,&lt;l&gt;);(&lt;M&gt;,&lt;m&gt;);(&lt;N&gt;,&lt;n&gt;);(&lt;O&gt;,&lt;o&gt;);\
        (&lt;P&gt;,&lt;p&gt;);(&lt;Q&gt;,&lt;q&gt;);(&lt;R&gt;,&lt;r&gt;);(&lt;S&gt;,&lt;s&gt;);(&lt;T&gt;,&lt;t&gt;);\
        (&lt;U&gt;,&lt;u&gt;);(&lt;V&gt;,&lt;v&gt;);(&lt;W&gt;,&lt;w&gt;);(&lt;X&gt;,&lt;x&gt;);(&lt;Y&gt;,&lt;y&gt;);(&lt;Z&gt;,&lt;z&gt;)
END LC_CTYPE
</code>
</pre>
<p><table  bordercolor=#000000 border=1 align=center><tr valign=top><th align=center><b></b>
<tr valign=top><th align=center><b>Symbolic Name</b>
<th align=center><b>Other Case</b>
<th align=center><b>Character Classes</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;NUL&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;SOH&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;STX&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;ETX&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;EOT&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;ENQ&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;ACK&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;alert&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;backspace&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;tab&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl, space, blank</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;newline&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl, space</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;vertical-tab&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl, space</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;form-feed&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl, space</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;carriage-return&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl, space</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;SO&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;SI&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;DLE&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;DC1&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;DC2&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;DC3&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;DC4&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;NAK&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;SYN&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;ETB&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;CAN&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;EM&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;SUB&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;ESC&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;IS4&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;IS3&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;IS2&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;IS1&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>cntrl</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;space&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>space, print, blank</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;exclamation-mark&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;quotation-mark&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;number-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;dollar-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;percent-sign&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;ampersand&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;apostrophe&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;left-parenthesis&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;
<td align=left><b>punct, print, graph</b>
<tr valign=top><td align=left>&lt;right-parenthesis&gt;
<td align=center>&nbsp;