第五章.htm

这是一些经典算法的描述

mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，然后再通过翻译从</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>RNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>传递到蛋白质。基因控制着蛋白质的合成，基因的</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>DNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>序列到蛋白质序列存在着一种明确的对应关系，而这种对应关系就是我们所知道的遗传密码。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>1961</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>年，科学家</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>Nirenberg</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>使用信使</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>RNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>分子研究得到第一个遗传密码，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>1969</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>年确定全部的遗传密码。遗传密码的发现拉开了在分子水平上的生命信息科学研究的序幕，启动了人类探索遗传语言奥秘的进程。许多科学家认为，基因组</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>DNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>序列并非是一种简单的生物分子序列，而可能是一种语言，该语言描述遗传信息，控制生物体的性状，规定生物个体的生老病死。为了深刻揭示这种遗传语言的奥秘，科学家们开始测序人类及其它模式生物基因组，希望解读和破译遗传信息，使人类在分子水平上全面地认识自我。由于生物技术的高速发展，人类基因组计划已经提前至</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>2003</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>年全部完成，我们已经得到了关于人类遗传信息的长达数百万页的“天书”。这本天书就是用遗传语言书写的人类遗传蓝本，是解读遗传语言的基础。之所以称它为天书，不单是因为它所包含的信息量巨大，更重要的是目前人类对它了解甚少，还无法读懂它。天书中只有</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>4</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>个字符（碱基</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>T</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>G</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>C</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>），既没有段落，也没有标点符号，是一个长度为</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>3</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>×</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>10<sup>9</sup></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>的一维序列。迄今为止，科学家对这本天书了解最多的部分就是遗传密码，或者说掌握了</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>DNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>翻译成蛋白质的编码规律。遗传密码又称为三联体密码，它说明</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>DNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>序列三个连续的碱基为一个蛋白质的氨基酸编码。已知自然界中的蛋白质由</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>20</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>种不同的氨基酸所组成，究竟需要几个连续的碱基为</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>1</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个氨基酸编码呢？显然，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>1</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>个碱基不行，</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>1</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个碱基最多只能编码</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>4</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>种氨基酸。那么，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>2</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>个碱基是否能够完成编码任务呢？</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
10.0pt'>2</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个碱基最多能产生</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>16</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>4<sup>2</sup></span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）密码子，只能为</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>16</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>种氨基酸编码，也不行。而</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>3</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>个连续碱基可能形成的密码子共有</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
10.0pt'>64</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>4<sup>3</sup></span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）个，完全满足编码的需要，所以遗传密码是三联体密码。由于三联体密码的密码子数目大于氨基酸种类数目，所以，对于一种氨基酸，可能存在多个密码子，同义密码子一般在第三位发生变化。例如</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>UCU</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>UCC</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>UCA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>和</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>UCG</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>均为丝氨酸的密码子。显然，这种编码方式具有一定的容错性，一位密码发生错误可能不会对蛋白质翻译结果产生影响。假设丝氨酸密码子的最后一位发生变化，其变化结果仍然是同义密码子，对信息传递影响不大。遗传密码具有通用性，在生物界除了线粒体等细胞质基因外，密码子几乎是通用的，因而，可以说生物界中的遗传语言也是通用的。密码子的使用是非随机的。如果密码子的第一、第二位碱基分别是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>和</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>U</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，那么，第三位将尽可能使用</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>G</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>或</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>C</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>；反之亦然。由于</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>G</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>C</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>之间可以形成三对氢键，而</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>U</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>之间只能形成两对氢键，因此，如果三位都用</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>G</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>C</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，则配对容易，分解难；三位都用</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>U</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，则相反。一般地说，高表达的基因，要求翻译速度快，密码子和反密码子配对快、分手也快。密码子的第一位和第二位极少有选择的余地，所以，只能在第三位进行取舍。密码子的使用具有一定的统计规律。基因对同义密码子的使用存在着偏爱，但不同种属偏爱的密码子不同，并且偏爱程度也不同。特别的是，根据统计，在人类基因组中，密码子第三位取</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>U</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>的情况占</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>90%</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，而第三位取</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>G</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>C</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>仅占</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>10%</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>。密码子中三个碱基所处的位置，与它所编码的氨基酸性质存在着某种联系。例如，如果密码子的第一位是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>U</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>，则该密码子编码的是芳香族氨基酸。又如，密码子的第二位与氨基酸的亲疏水性有关，编码疏水氨基酸的密码子，其第二位碱基是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>U</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>；编码亲水氨基酸的密码子，其第二位碱基是</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>；第二位碱基是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>G</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>C</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>的密码子所编码的氨基酸，其亲水性和疏水性均居中。人类基因组是科学家研究的第一个脊椎动物染色体基因组，人类基因组已成为其它脊椎动物中的代表。它比线虫和果蝇基因组大</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>30</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>倍左右，比酵母的大</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>250</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>倍左右。尽管它的长度比较大，它的基因数目似乎只有果蝇和线虫基因组基因数目的两倍或三倍。人类基因组大约有</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>3</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>万多个基因，这些基因分布在染色体中的</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:
10.0pt'>DNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>序列上，或者说就隐藏在“天书”中。到目前为止，已明确定位的基因仅占</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>3</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: