📄 第四章.htm
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"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>数据质量</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>必须保证数据库中数据的质量，数据库管理机构应对数据来源进行检查，并且关注数据库用户和专家提出的意见。</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoPlainText style='margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:
150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'>5</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Times New Roman"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>集成性</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>三种基本生物分子数据库（核酸序列、蛋白质序列、蛋白质结构）的集成对于用户来说是非常重要的。对于数据库中的每一个数据对象，必须与其它数据库中的相关数据联系起来，这样可以从某些分子数据出发得到一系列的相关信息。例如，从某个核酸序列出发，通过交叉索引，可进一步得到对应的基因、蛋白质序列、蛋白质结构，甚至得到蛋白质功能的信息。</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
text-indent:21.25pt;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>分子生物学研究领域虽各有重点，但是研究对象之间存在着密切的联系，比如</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>DNA</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>序列与蛋白质序列之间的联系，基因调控信息与基因表达数据之间的联系。因而，实验数据之间就必然存在着关联，一个方面的相关数据可能会影响或促进另一个方面的研究工作。现有的各类数据库已经成为分子生物学各方面交叉研究的桥梁。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
text-indent:21.25pt;line-height:150%'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>生物分子数据库目前的发展状况有几个明显的特征：</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>1</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>生物分子数据库最突出的特征就是数据库的更新速度不断加快，数据量呈指数增长趋势。例如，核酸序列数据的年增长幅度约为</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>100%</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>2</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>数据库使用频率增长更快。人们越来越感到生物分子数据的重要性，也认识到它们的价值，因此，各种数据库的使用人员在不断增加。</span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>据统计，数据库的平均使用频率每年增长幅度接近于</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>500%</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>3</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>数据库的复杂程度不断增加。数据库中除了基本数据之外，还包括大量的注释、链接、参考文献等信息，例如，在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>SWISS-PROT</span><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>数据库中，注释项涉及蛋白质的功能、结构域和活性位点、二级结构、四级结构、翻译后修饰、与其他蛋白质的相似性、与该蛋白质关联的疾病、序列变化等。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>4</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>数据库网络化。几乎所有的数据库都可以在国际互联网上访问，并且公共数据库之间相互链接，使用户可以迅速得到大量的相关生物分子信息。有的系统则将多个生物分子数据库整合在一起，形成集成的数据库系统。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>5</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>面向应用。首先，各个数据库服务器除了提供数据之外，还提供许多分析工具，如核酸数据库提供的序列搜索、基因识别程序等，生物大分子结构数据库提供的结构比较程序、结构模拟程序等。此外，还在原始数据库的基础上开发了许多面向特殊应用的二级数据库，如蛋白质分类数据库、蛋白质二级结构数据库等。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt;line-height:150%;tab-stops:list 36.0pt'><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（</span><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt'>6</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>先进的软硬件配置。从计算机硬件方面来看，许多数据库服务器已从工作站升级到大型服务器，使数据库能够高效地管理数据和为用户服务，并在专门的硬件（如并行机）上运行服务程序。而在系统软件方面，使用大型数据库管理系统，面向对象的数据库管理方法正在逐步取代旧的模式，数据库服务广泛采用服务器客户式结构。</span></p>
<p class=MsoBodyTextIndent style='line-height:150%'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
宋体'> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>一般而言，生物分子数据库可以分为一级数据库和二级数据库。一级数据库中的数据直接来源于实验获得的原始数据，只经过简单的归类整理和注释；二级数据库是对原始生物分子数据进行整理、分类的结果，是在一级数据库、实验数据和理论分析的基础上针对特定的应用目标而建立的。与蛋白质相关的二级数据库比较多。</span><span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span></p>
<p> </p>
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<h1 align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:隶书;
color:#EFCE8F'>第五章</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:36.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:
隶书;mso-fareast-font-family:隶书;color:#EFCE8F'> </span><span
style='font-family:隶书;color:#EFCE8F'>基因组信息分析</span></h1>
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<p><span lang=EN-US><SELECT NAME="str_sel">
<OPTION SELECTED>========= 选择章节 ==========
<OPTION VALUE="5.1.htm">5.1 关于遗传语言
<OPTION VALUE="5.2.htm">5.2 原核基因组特点
<OPTION VALUE="5.3.htm">5.3 真核基因组特点
<OPTION VALUE="5.4.htm">5.4 基因组序列分析
<OPTION VALUE="5.5.htm">5.5 基因识别方法
<OPTION VALUE="5.6.htm">5.6 非编码区域分析和调控元件识别
<OPTION VALUE="5.question.htm">问题与练习
<OPTION VALUE="5.referance.htm">参考文献
</SELECT></span></p>
<p style='line-height:150%'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman"'> </span><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>人类基因组计划的主要成果是得到一本“天书”，这本天书既简单又复杂。说它简单，是因为这本天书仅仅由</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>4</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个字母构成，这</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>4</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个字母分别是</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt'>A</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
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