as_en.tex

万能汇编工具

%% Hello altogether,
%%
%% this is a release of the english AS manual.  I haven't
%% done the entire translation myself, large parts of it are the work of some
%% other people around the net who deserve my deep appreciation for this job.
%% My parts of the translation are the results of a brute-force attempt,
%% so there are surely tons of spelling errors and passages that will
%% make people with english as their mother tongue either laugh or cry...

%% Alfred Arnold

%%         translation by: Oliver Sellke (OSIP, D-65199 Wiesbaden)
%%                           (proof-read in parts by Stefan Hilse, Wiesbaden)
%%                         Alfred Arnold
%%                         Stephan Kanthak
%%                         Vittorio De Tomasi
%% 
%%         thanks to the authors of:
%%                         FB-translator
%%                         GNU-ispell
%% 
%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%%TITLE User's Manual for Macro Assembler AS
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\begin{raggedright}
{\large Alfred Arnold, Stefan Hilse, Stephan Kanthak, Oliver
 Sellke, Vittorio De Tomasi}
\vspace{1cm}\par
{\huge Macro Assembler AS V1.42}\\
\rule{9.5cm}{0.3mm}\\
\vspace{2mm}\par
{\huge User's Manual}

\vspace{1cm}\par

{\large Edition August 2003}
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\ \vspace{5cm}

{\em IBM, PPC403Gx, OS/2, and PowerPC} are registered trademarks of IBM
Corporation.

{\em Intel, MCS-48, MCS-51, MCS-251, MCS-96, MCS-196 und MCS-296} are
registered trademarks of Intel Corp. .

{\em Motorola and ColdFire} are registered trademarks of Motorola Inc. .

{\em PicoBlaze} is a registered trademark of Xilinx Inc.

{\em UNIX} is a registered trademark of the The Open Group.

{\em Linux} is a registered trademark of Linus Thorvalds.

{\em Microsoft, Windows, and MS-DOS} are registered trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation.

All other trademarks not explicitly mentioned in this section and used in
this manual are properties of their respective owners.

\vspace{6cm}

This document has been processed with the LaTeX typesetting system, using
the Linux operating system.

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{\parskip 0cm plus0.1cm \tableofcontents}

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\chapter{Introduction}

This instruction is meant for those people who are already very familiar
with Assembler and who like to know how to work with AS.  It is rather a
reference than a user's manual and so it neither tries to explain the
''language assembler'' nor the processors.  I have listed further
literature in the bibliography which was substantial in the implementation
of the different code generators.  There is no book I know where you can
learn Assembler from the start, so I generally learned this by ''trial and
error''.

%%---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{License Agreement}
\label{SectLicense}

Before we can go ''in medias res'', first of all the inevitable prologue:

As in the present version is licensed according to the Gnu General Public
License (GPL); the details of the GPL may be read in the file COPYING
bundled with this distribution.  If you did not get it with AS, complain
to the one you got AS from!

Shortly said, the GPL covers the following points:
\begin{itemize}
\item{Programs based upon AS must also be licensed according to the GPL;}
\item{distribution is explicitly allowed;}
\item{explicit disclaiming of all warranties for damages resulting from
      usage of this program.}
\end{itemize}
...however, I really urge you to read the file COPYING for the details!

To accelerate the error diagnose and correction, please add the 
following details to the bug report:
\begin{itemize}
\item{hardware: \begin{itemize}
                \item{processor type (with/without coprocessor)} 
                \item{amount of memory installed}
                \item{video card}
                \item{hard-disk type(s) and their interface(s)}
                \end{itemize}}
\item{software: \begin{itemize}
                \item{operating system (MS-DOS, Novell-DOS, DR-DOS, OS/2, 
                      Windows) and version}
                \item{resident (TSR) programs installed}
                \item{version of AS including dates of the \tty{EXE}-files}
                \end{itemize}}
\item{if possible, the source file, in which the bug occurs} 
\end{itemize}
You can contact me as follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item{by Surface Mail: \begin{description}
               \item{Alfred Arnold}
               \item{Hirschgraben 29}
               \item{D-52062 Aachen}
               \item{Germany}
               \end{description}}
\item{by E-Mail: \tty{[e-mail]}}
\end{itemize}
If someone likes to meet me personally to ask questions and lives
near Aachen (= Aix-la-Chapelle), you will be able to meet me there. 
You can do this most probably on thursdays from 8pm to 9pm at the
computerclub inside the RWTH Aachen (Eilfschornsteinstrasse 16,
cellar of philosophers' building, backdoor entry).

Please don't call me by phone.  First, complex relations are
extremely hard to discuss at phone.  Secondly, the telephone
companies are already rich enough...

The latest version of AS (DOS, DPMI, OS/2, C) is available from
the following Server:
\begin{verbatim}
 http://john.ccac.rwth-aachen.de:8000/as
\end{verbatim}
or shortly
\begin{verbatim}
 http://www.alfsembler.de
\end{verbatim}
The sources of the C version may also be fetched from the following server:
\begin{verbatim}
 sunsite.unc.edu, directory
   pub/Linux/devel/lang/assemblers/asl-<version>.tar.gz
\end{verbatim}
..and of course thereby from every Sunsite mirror in the world!

Whoever has no access to an FTP-Server can ask me to send the assembler
by mail.  Only requests containing a blank CD-R and a self-addressed,
(correctly) stamped envelope will be answered.  Don't send any money!

Now, after this inevitable introduction we can turn to the actual
documentation:

%%---------------------------------------------------------------------------

\section{General Capabilities of the Assembler}

In contrast to ordinary assemblers, AS offers the possibility to 
generate code for totally different processors.  At the moment, the 
following processor families have been implemented:
\begin{itemize}
\item{Motorola 68000..68040,683xx incl. coprocessor and MMU}
\item{Motorola ColdFire}
\item{Motorola DSP5600x,DSP56300}
\item{Motorola M-Core}
\item{Motorola/IBM MPC601/MPC505/PPC403}
\item{Motorola 6800, 6805, 68HC08, 6809, 68(HC)11(K4) 68HC12, 68HC16, and Hitachi
      6301}
\item{Hitachi 6309}
\item{Hitachi H8/300(H)}
\item{Hitachi H8/500}
\item{Hitachi SH7000/7600/7700}
\item{Rockwell 6502 and 65(S)C02}
\item{CMD 65816}
\item{Mitsubishi MELPS-740}
\item{Mitsubishi MELPS-7700}
\item{Mitsubishi MELPS-4500}
\item{Mitsubishi M16}
\item{Mitsubishi M16C}
\item{Intel 4004/4040}
\item{Intel MCS-48/41}
\item{Intel MCS-51/251, Dallas DS80C390}
\item{Intel MCS-96/196(Nx)/296}
\item{Intel 8080/8085}
\item{Intel i960}
\item{Signetics 8X30x}
\item{Philips XA}
\item{Atmel (Mega-)AVR}
\item{AMD 29K}
\item{Siemens 80C166/167}
\item{Zilog Z80, Z180, Z380}
\item{Zilog Z8, eZ8}
\item{Xilinx KCPSM ('PicoBlaze')}
\item{Toshiba TLCS-900(L)}
\item{Toshiba TLCS-90}
\item{Toshiba TLCS-870}
\item{Toshiba TLCS-47}
\item{Toshiba TLCS-9000}
\item{Microchip PIC16C54..16C57}
\item{Microchip PIC16C84/PIC16C64}
\item{Microchip PIC17C42}
\item{SGS-Thomson ST6}
\item{SGS-Thomson ST7}
\item{SGS-Thomson ST9}
\item{SGS-Thomson 6804}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS32010/32015}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS3202x}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C3x}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C20x/TMS320C5x}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C54x}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C6x}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS9900}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS7000}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS370xxx}
\item{Texas Instruments MSP430}
\item{National Semiconductor SC/MP}
\item{National Semiconductor INS807x}
\item{National Semiconductor COP8}
\item{National Semiconductor SC144xx}
\item{Fairchild ACE}
\item{NEC $\mu$PD 78(C)1x}
\item{NEC $\mu$PD 75xxx (alias 75K0)}
\item{NEC $\mu$PD 78xxx (alias 78K0)}
\item{NEC $\mu$PD7720/7725}
\item{NEC $\mu$PD77230}
\item{Symbios Logic SYM53C8xx (yes, they are programmable!)}
\item{Fujitsu F$^2$MC8L}
\item{Fujitsu F$^2$MC16L}
\item{Intersil CDP1802/1805}
\end{itemize}
under work / planned / in consideration :
\begin{itemize}
\item{NEC 78K4}
\item{Intel 8008}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C54x}
\item{Analog Devices ADSP21xx}
\item{SGS-Thomson ST20}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C4x}
\item{Texas Instruments TMS320C8x}
\item{Toshiba TC9331}
\end{itemize}
I'm currently searching for documentation about the following
families:
\begin{itemize}
\item{the complete set of OKI controllers}
\end{itemize}
unloved, but now, however, present :
\begin{itemize}