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<TITLE>User's Manual for Macro Assembler AS</TITLE>
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<BIG> Alfred Arnold, Stefan Hilse, Stephan Kanthak, Oliver Sellke,
Vittorio De Tomasi</BIG>
<P>
<BIG><BIG> Macro Assembler AS V1.42</BIG></BIG><BR>
<HR WIDTH="62%" ALIGN=LEFT><BR>
<P>
<BIG><BIG> User's Manual</BIG></BIG>
<P>
<BIG> Edition August 2003</BIG>
</DIV>
<P>
<P>
<P>
<EM> IBM, PPC403Gx, OS/2, and PowerPC</EM> are registered trademarks
of IBM Corporation.
<P>
<EM> Intel, MCS-48, MCS-51, MCS-251, MCS-96, MCS-196 und MCS-296</EM>
are registered trademarks of Intel Corp. .
<P>
<EM> Motorola and ColdFire</EM> are registered trademarks of Motorola
Inc. .
<P>
<EM> PicoBlaze</EM> is a registered trademark of Xilinx Inc.
<P>
<EM> UNIX</EM> is a registered trademark of the The Open Group.
<P>
<EM> Linux</EM> is a registered trademark of Linus Thorvalds.
<P>
<EM> Microsoft, Windows, and MS-DOS</EM> are registered trademarks of
Microsoft Corporation.
<P>
All other trademarks not explicitly mentioned in this section and
used in this manual are properties of their respective owners.
<P>
<P>
This document has been processed with the LaTeX typesetting system,
using the Linux operating system.
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<P>
<H1>Contents</H1><P>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_1_">1. Introduction</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_1_1_">1.1. License Agreement</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_1_2_">1.2. General Capabilities of the Assembler</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_1_3_">1.3. Supported Platforms</A></H3>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_2_">2. Assembler Usage</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_1_">2.1. Hardware Requirements</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_2_">2.2. Delivery</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_3_">2.3. Installation</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_4_">2.4. Start-Up Command, Parameters</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_5_">2.5. Format of the Input Files</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_6_">2.6. Format of the Listing</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_7_">2.7. Symbol Conventions</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_8_">2.8. Temporary Symbols</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_9_">2.9. Named Temporary Symbols</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_9_1_">2.9.1. Nameless Temporary Symbols</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_10_">2.10. Formula Expressions</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_10_1_">2.10.1. Integer Constants</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_10_2_">2.10.2. Floating Point Constants</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_10_3_">2.10.3. String Constants</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_10_4_">2.10.4. Evaluation</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_10_5_">2.10.5. Operators</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_2_10_6_">2.10.6. Functions</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_11_">2.11. Forward References and Other Disasters</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_12_">2.12. Register Symbols</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_13_">2.13. Sharefile</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_2_14_">2.14. Processor Aliases</A></H3>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_3_">3. Pseudo Instructions</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_1_">3.1. Definitions</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_1_">3.1.1. SET, EQU, and CONSTANT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_2_">3.1.2. SFR and SFRB</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_3_">3.1.3. XSFR and YSFR</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_4_">3.1.4. LABEL</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_5_">3.1.5. BIT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_6_">3.1.6. DBIT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_7_">3.1.7. PORT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_8_">3.1.8. REG and NAMEREG</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_9_">3.1.9. LIV and RIV</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_10_">3.1.10. CHARSET</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_11_">3.1.11. CODEPAGE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_12_">3.1.12. ENUM</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_1_13_">3.1.13. PUSHV and POPV</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_2_">3.2. Code Modification</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_1_">3.2.1. ORG</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_2_">3.2.2. CPU</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_3_">3.2.3. SUPMODE, FPU, PMMU</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_4_">3.2.4. FULLPMMU</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_5_">3.2.5. PADDING</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_6_">3.2.6. PACKING</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_7_">3.2.7. MAXMODE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_8_">3.2.8. EXTMODE and LWORDMODE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_9_">3.2.9. SRCMODE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_10_">3.2.10. BIGENDIAN</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_11_">3.2.11. WRAPMODE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_12_">3.2.12. SEGMENT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_13_">3.2.13. PHASE and DEPHASE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_14_">3.2.14. SAVE and RESTORE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_15_">3.2.15. ASSUME</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_16_">3.2.16. EMULATED</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_2_17_">3.2.17. BRANCHEXT</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_3_">3.3. Data Definitions</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_1_">3.3.1. DC[.Size]</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_2_">3.3.2. DS[.Size]</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_3_">3.3.3. DB,DW,DD,DQ, and DT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_4_">3.3.4. DS, DS8</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_5_">3.3.5. BYT or FCB</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_6_">3.3.6. BYTE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_7_">3.3.7. DC8</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_8_">3.3.8. ADR or FDB</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_9_">3.3.9. WORD</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_10_">3.3.10. DW16</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_11_">3.3.11. LONG</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_12_">3.3.12. SINGLE, DOUBLE, and EXTENDED</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_13_">3.3.13. FLOAT and DOUBLE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_14_">3.3.14. EFLOAT, BFLOAT, and TFLOAT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_15_">3.3.15. Qxx and LQxx</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_16_">3.3.16. DATA</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_17_">3.3.17. ZERO</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_18_">3.3.18. FB and FW</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_19_">3.3.19. ASCII and ASCIZ</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_20_">3.3.20. STRING and RSTRING</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_21_">3.3.21. FCC</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_22_">3.3.22. DFS or RMB</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_23_">3.3.23. BLOCK</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_24_">3.3.24. SPACE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_25_">3.3.25. RES</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_26_">3.3.26. BSS</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_27_">3.3.27. DSB and DSW</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_28_">3.3.28. DS16</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_29_">3.3.29. ALIGN</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_3_30_">3.3.30. LTORG</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_4_">3.4. Macro Instructions</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_1_">3.4.1. MACRO</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_2_">3.4.2. IRP</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_3_">3.4.3. IRPC</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_4_">3.4.4. REPT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_5_">3.4.5. WHILE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_6_">3.4.6. EXITM</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_7_">3.4.7. SHIFT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_8_">3.4.8. MAXNEST</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_4_9_">3.4.9. FUNCTION</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_5_">3.5. Structures</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_5_1_">3.5.1. Definition</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_5_2_">3.5.2. Usage</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_5_3_">3.5.3. Nested Structures</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_5_4_">3.5.4. Unions</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_5_5_">3.5.5. Structures and Sections</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_6_">3.6. Conditional Assembly</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_6_1_">3.6.1. IF / ELSEIF / ENDIF</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_6_2_">3.6.2. SWITCH / CASE / ELSECASE / ENDCASE</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_7_">3.7. Listing Control</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_1_">3.7.1. PAGE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_2_">3.7.2. NEWPAGE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_3_">3.7.3. MACEXP</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_4_">3.7.4. LISTING</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_5_">3.7.5. PRTINIT and PRTEXIT</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_6_">3.7.6. TITLE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_7_">3.7.7. RADIX</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_7_8_">3.7.8. OUTRADIX</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_8_">3.8. Local Symbols</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_8_1_">3.8.1. Basic Definition (SECTION/ENDSECTION)</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_8_2_">3.8.2. Nesting and Scope Rules</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_8_3_">3.8.3. PUBLIC and GLOBAL</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_8_4_">3.8.4. FORWARD</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_8_5_">3.8.5. Performance Aspects</A></H4>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_3_9_">3.9. Miscellaneous</A></H3>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_1_">3.9.1. SHARED</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_2_">3.9.2. INCLUDE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_3_">3.9.3. BINCLUDE</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_4_">3.9.4. MESSAGE, WARNING, ERROR, and FATAL</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_5_">3.9.5. READ</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_6_">3.9.6. RELAXED</A></H4>
<P><H4><A HREF="#sect_3_9_7_">3.9.7. END</A></H4>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_4_">4. Processor-specific Hints</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_1_">4.1. 6811</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_2_">4.2. PowerPC</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_3_">4.3. DSP56xxx</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_4_">4.4. H8/300</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_5_">4.5. SH7000/7600/7700</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_6_">4.6. MELPS-4500</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_7_">4.7. 6502UNDOC</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_8_">4.8. MELPS-740</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_9_">4.9. MELPS-7700/65816</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_10_">4.10. M16</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_11_">4.11. 4004/4040</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_12_">4.12. MCS-48</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_13_">4.13. MCS-51</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_14_">4.14. MCS-251</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_15_">4.15. 8085UNDOC</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_16_">4.16. 8086..V35</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_17_">4.17. 8X30x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_18_">4.18. XA</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_19_">4.19. AVR</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_20_">4.20. Z80UNDOC</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_21_">4.21. Z380</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_22_">4.22. TLCS-900(L)</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_23_">4.23. TLCS-90</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_24_">4.24. TLCS-870</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_25_">4.25. TLCS-47</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_26_">4.26. TLCS-9000</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_27_">4.27. 29xxx</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_28_">4.28. 80C16x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_29_">4.29. PIC16C5x/16C8x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_30_">4.30. PIC 17C4x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_31_">4.31. ST6</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_32_">4.32. ST7</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_33_">4.33. ST9</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_34_">4.34. 6804</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_35_">4.35. TMS3201x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_36_">4.36. TMS320C2x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_37_">4.37. TMS320C3x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_38_">4.38. TMS9900</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_39_">4.39. TMS70Cxx</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_40_">4.40. TMS370xxx</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_41_">4.41. MSP430</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_42_">4.42. COP8 & SC/MP</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_43_">4.43. SC144xxx</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_44_">4.44. 75K0</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_45_">4.45. 78K0</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_46_">4.46. µPD772x</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_4_47_">4.47. F²MC16L</A></H3>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_5_">5. File Formats</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_5_1_">5.1. Code Files</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_5_2_">5.2. Debug Files</A></H3>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_6_">6. Utility Programs</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_6_1_">6.1. PLIST</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_6_2_">6.2. BIND</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_6_3_">6.3. P2HEX</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_6_4_">6.4. P2BIN</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_6_5_">6.5. AS2MSG</A></H3>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_A_">A. Error Messages of AS</A></H2>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_B_">B. I/O Error Messages</A></H2>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_C_">C. Frequently Asked Questions</A></H2>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_D_">D. Pseudo-Instructions Collected</A></H2>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_E_">E. Predefined Symbols</A></H2>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_F_">F. Shipped Include Files</A></H2>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_F_1_">F.1. BITFUNCS.INC</A></H3>
<P><H3><A HREF="#sect_F_2_">F.2. CTYPE.INC</A></H3>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_G_">G. Acknowledgments</A></H2>
<P><H2><A HREF="#sect_H_">H. Changes since Version 1.3</A></H2>
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