as_en.doc

万能汇编工具

       3.8.2. Nesting and Scope Rules

       3.8.3. PUBLIC and GLOBAL

       3.8.4. FORWARD

       3.8.5. Performance Aspects

      3.9. Miscellaneous

       3.9.1. SHARED

       3.9.2. INCLUDE

       3.9.3. BINCLUDE

       3.9.4. MESSAGE, WARNING, ERROR, and FATAL

       3.9.5. READ

       3.9.6. RELAXED

       3.9.7. END

     4. Processor-specific Hints

      4.1. 6811

      4.2. PowerPC

      4.3. DSP56xxx

      4.4. H8/300

      4.5. SH7000/7600/7700

      4.6. MELPS-4500

      4.7. 6502UNDOC

      4.8. MELPS-740

      4.9. MELPS-7700/65816

      4.10. M16

      4.11. 4004/4040

      4.12. MCS-48

      4.13. MCS-51

      4.14. MCS-251

      4.15. 8085UNDOC

      4.16. 8086..V35

      4.17. 8X30x

      4.18. XA

      4.19. AVR

      4.20. Z80UNDOC

      4.21. Z380

      4.22. TLCS-900(L)

      4.23. TLCS-90

      4.24. TLCS-870

      4.25. TLCS-47

      4.26. TLCS-9000

      4.27. 29xxx

      4.28. 80C16x

      4.29. PIC16C5x/16C8x

      4.30. PIC 17C4x

      4.31. ST6

      4.32. ST7

      4.33. ST9

      4.34. 6804

      4.35. TMS3201x

      4.36. TMS320C2x

      4.37. TMS320C3x

      4.38. TMS9900

      4.39. TMS70Cxx

      4.40. TMS370xxx

      4.41. MSP430

      4.42. COP8 & SC/MP

      4.43. SC144xxx

      4.44. 75K0

      4.45. 78K0

      4.46. 鍼D772x

      4.47. F齅C16L

     5. File Formats

      5.1. Code Files

      5.2. Debug Files

     6. Utility Programs

      6.1. PLIST

      6.2. BIND

      6.3. P2HEX

      6.4. P2BIN

      6.5. AS2MSG

     A. Error Messages of AS

     B. I/O Error Messages

     C. Frequently Asked Questions

     D. Pseudo-Instructions Collected

     E. Predefined Symbols

     F. Shipped Include Files

      F.1. BITFUNCS.INC

      F.2. CTYPE.INC

     G. Acknowledgments

     H. Changes since Version 1.3

     I. Hints for the AS Source Code

      I.1. Language Preliminaries

      I.2. Capsuling System dependencies

      I.3. System-Independent Files

       I.3.1. Modules Used by AS

       I.3.2. Additional Modules for the Tools

      I.4. Modules Needed During the Build of AS

      I.5. Generation of Message Files

       I.5.1. Format of the Source Files

      I.6. Creation of Documentation

      I.7. Test Suite

      I.8. Adding a New Target Processor

      I.9. Localization to a New Language




        1. Introduction
        ===============

This  instruction is meant for those people who are already very famil-
iar  with Assembler  and who  like to  know how  to work with AS. It is
rather  a reference than a user's manual and so it neither tries to ex-
plain  the  ''language  assembler''  nor  the processors. I have listed
further  literature in  the bibliography  which was  substantial in the
implementation  of the  different code  generators. There  is no book I
know  where  you  can  learn  Assembler  from the start, so I generally
learned this by ''trial and error''.


        1.1. License Agreement
        ----------------------

Before  we can go ''in  medias res'', first of  all the inevitable pro-
logue:

As  in the  present version  is licensed  according to  the Gnu General
Public  License (GPL); the details  of the GPL may  be read in the file
COPYING  bundled with  this distribution.  If you  did not  get it with
AS, complain to the one you got AS from!

Shortly said, the GPL covers the following points:

  - Programs  based upon AS must also be licensed according to the GPL;
  - distribution is explicitly allowed;
  - explicit  disclaiming of all warranties  for damages resulting from
    usage of this program.

...however,  I really  urge you  to read  the file  COPYING for the de-
tails!

To  accelerate the error  diagnose and correction,  please add the fol-
lowing details to the bug report:

  - hardware:
      - processor type (with/without coprocessor)
      - amount of memory installed
      - video card
      - hard-disk type(s) and their interface(s)
  - software:
      - operating  system (MS-DOS,  Novell-DOS, DR-DOS,  OS/2, Windows)
        and version
      - resident (TSR) programs installed
      - version of AS including dates of the EXE-files
  - if possible, the source file, in which the bug occurs

You can contact me as follows:

  - by Surface Mail:
        Alfred Arnold
        Hirschgraben 29
        D-52062 Aachen
        Germany
  - by E-Mail: [e-mail]

If  someone  likes  to  meet  me  personally to ask questions and lives
near  Aachen (=  Aix-la-Chapelle), you  will be  able to meet me there.
You  can do this most probably on thursdays from 8pm to 9pm at the com-
puterclub  inside  the  RWTH  Aachen (Eilfschornsteinstrasse 16, cellar
of philosophers' building, backdoor entry).

Please  don't call me by phone.  First, complex relations are extremely
hard  to discuss  at phone.  Secondly, the  telephone companies are al-
ready rich enough...

The  latest version of  AS (DOS, DPMI,  OS/2, C) is  available from the
following Server:

 http://john.ccac.rwth-aachen.de:8000/as

or shortly

 http://www.alfsembler.de

The  sources of the  C version may  also be fetched  from the following
server:

 sunsite.unc.edu, directory
   pub/Linux/devel/lang/assemblers/asl-<version>.tar.gz

..and of course thereby from every Sunsite mirror in the world!

Whoever  has no access to  an FTP-Server can ask  me to send the assem-
bler  by  mail.  Only  requests  containing  a  blank  CD-R and a self-
addressed,  (correctly) stamped  envelope will  be answered. Don't send
any money!

Now,  after this inevitable introduction we can turn to the actual doc-
umentation:


        1.2. General Capabilities of the Assembler
        ------------------------------------------

In  contrast to ordinary assemblers, AS  offers the possibility to gen-
erate  code for totally  different processors. At  the moment, the fol-
lowing processor families have been implemented:

  - Motorola 68000..68040,683xx incl. coprocessor and MMU
  - Motorola ColdFire
  - Motorola DSP5600x,DSP56300
  - Motorola M-Core
  - Motorola/IBM MPC601/MPC505/PPC403
  - Motorola  6800,  6805,  68HC08,  6809, 68(HC)11(K4) 68HC12, 68HC16,
    and Hitachi 6301
  - Hitachi 6309
  - Hitachi H8/300(H)
  - Hitachi H8/500
  - Hitachi SH7000/7600/7700
  - Rockwell 6502 and 65(S)C02
  - CMD 65816
  - Mitsubishi MELPS-740
  - Mitsubishi MELPS-7700
  - Mitsubishi MELPS-4500
  - Mitsubishi M16
  - Mitsubishi M16C
  - Intel 4004/4040
  - Intel MCS-48/41
  - Intel MCS-51/251, Dallas DS80C390
  - Intel MCS-96/196(Nx)/296
  - Intel 8080/8085
  - Intel i960
  - Signetics 8X30x
  - Philips XA
  - Atmel (Mega-)AVR
  - AMD 29K
  - Siemens 80C166/167
  - Zilog Z80, Z180, Z380
  - Zilog Z8, eZ8
  - Xilinx KCPSM ('PicoBlaze')
  - Toshiba TLCS-900(L)
  - Toshiba TLCS-90
  - Toshiba TLCS-870
  - Toshiba TLCS-47
  - Toshiba TLCS-9000
  - Microchip PIC16C54..16C57
  - Microchip PIC16C84/PIC16C64
  - Microchip PIC17C42
  - SGS-Thomson ST6
  - SGS-Thomson ST7
  - SGS-Thomson ST9
  - SGS-Thomson 6804
  - Texas Instruments TMS32010/32015
  - Texas Instruments TMS3202x
  - Texas Instruments TMS320C3x
  - Texas Instruments TMS320C20x/TMS320C5x
  - Texas Instruments TMS320C54x
  - Texas Instruments TMS320C6x
  - Texas Instruments TMS9900
  - Texas Instruments TMS7000
  - Texas Instruments TMS370xxx
  - Texas Instruments MSP430
  - National Semiconductor SC/MP