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      /* Don't reinvent the wheel - call device_write */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
      device_write(file, (char *) ioctl_param, i, 0);
#else
      device_write(inode, file, (char *) ioctl_param, i);
#endif
      break;

    case IOCTL_GET_MSG:
      /* Give the current message to the calling 
       * process - the parameter we got is a pointer, 
       * fill it. */
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
      i = device_read(file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99, 0); 
#else
      i = device_read(inode, file, (char *) ioctl_param, 99); 
#endif
      /* Warning - we assume here the buffer length is 
       * 100. If it's less than that we might overflow 
       * the buffer, causing the process to core dump. 
       *
       * The reason we only allow up to 99 characters is 
       * that the NULL which terminates the string also 
       * needs room. */

      /* Put a zero at the end of the buffer, so it 
       * will be properly terminated */
      put_user('\0', (char *) ioctl_param+i);
      break;

    case IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE:
      /* This ioctl is both input (ioctl_param) and 
       * output (the return value of this function) */
      return Message[ioctl_param];
      break;
  }

  return SUCCESS;
}


/* Module Declarations *************************** */


/* This structure will hold the functions to be called 
 * when a process does something to the device we 
 * created. Since a pointer to this structure is kept in 
 * the devices table, it can't be local to
 * init_module. NULL is for unimplemented functions. */
struct file_operations Fops = {
  NULL,   /* seek */
  device_read, 
  device_write,
  NULL,   /* readdir */
  NULL,   /* select */
  device_ioctl,   /* ioctl */
  NULL,   /* mmap */
  device_open,
#if LINUX_VERSION_CODE >= KERNEL_VERSION(2,2,0)
  NULL,  /* flush */
#endif
  device_release  /* a.k.a. close */
};


/* Initialize the module - Register the character device */
int init_module()
{
  int ret_val;

  /* Register the character device (atleast try) */
  ret_val = module_register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, 
                                 DEVICE_NAME,
                                 &Fops);

  /* Negative values signify an error */
  if (ret_val < 0) {
    printk ("%s failed with %d\n",
            "Sorry, registering the character device ",
            ret_val);
    return ret_val;
  }

  printk ("%s The major device number is %d.\n",
          "Registeration is a success", 
          MAJOR_NUM);
  printk ("If you want to talk to the device driver,\n");
  printk ("you'll have to create a device file. \n");
  printk ("We suggest you use:\n");
  printk ("mknod %s c %d 0\n", DEVICE_FILE_NAME, 
          MAJOR_NUM);
  printk ("The device file name is important, because\n");
  printk ("the ioctl program assumes that's the\n");
  printk ("file you'll use.\n");

  return 0;
}


/* Cleanup - unregister the appropriate file from /proc */
void cleanup_module()
{
  int ret;

  /* Unregister the device */
  ret = module_unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
 
  /* If there's an error, report it */ 
  if (ret < 0)
    printk("Error in module_unregister_chrdev: %d\n", ret);
}  </PRE
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><DIV
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
><A
NAME="AEN914"
></A
><P
><B
>Example 7-2. chardev.h</B
></P
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BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>/*  chardev.h - the header file with the ioctl definitions.
 *
 *  The declarations here have to be in a header file, because
 *  they need to be known both to the kernel module
 *  (in chardev.c) and the process calling ioctl (ioctl.c)
 */

#ifndef CHARDEV_H
#define CHARDEV_H

#include &lt;linux/ioctl.h&gt;



/* The major device number. We can't rely on dynamic 
 * registration any more, because ioctls need to know 
 * it. */
#define MAJOR_NUM 100


/* Set the message of the device driver */
#define IOCTL_SET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 0, char *)
/* _IOR means that we're creating an ioctl command 
 * number for passing information from a user process
 * to the kernel module. 
 *
 * The first arguments, MAJOR_NUM, is the major device 
 * number we're using.
 *
 * The second argument is the number of the command 
 * (there could be several with different meanings).
 *
 * The third argument is the type we want to get from 
 * the process to the kernel.
 */

/* Get the message of the device driver */
#define IOCTL_GET_MSG _IOR(MAJOR_NUM, 1, char *)
 /* This IOCTL is used for output, to get the message 
  * of the device driver. However, we still need the 
  * buffer to place the message in to be input, 
  * as it is allocated by the process.
  */


/* Get the n'th byte of the message */
#define IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE _IOWR(MAJOR_NUM, 2, int)
 /* The IOCTL is used for both input and output. It 
  * receives from the user a number, n, and returns 
  * Message[n]. */


/* The name of the device file */
#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME &quot;char_dev&quot;


#endif
</PRE
></FONT
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></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
><A
NAME="AEN926"
></A
><P
><B
>Example 7-3. ioctl.c</B
></P
><TABLE
BORDER="0"
BGCOLOR="#E0E0E0"
WIDTH="100%"
><TR
><TD
><FONT
COLOR="#000000"
><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>/*  ioctl.c - the process to use ioctl's to control the kernel module
 *
 *  Until now we could have used cat for input and output.  But now
 *  we need to do ioctl's, which require writing our own process. 
 */

/* device specifics, such as ioctl numbers and the 
 * major device file. */
#include &quot;chardev.h&quot;    


#include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;      /* open */ 
#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;     /* exit */
#include &lt;sys/ioctl.h&gt;  /* ioctl */



/* Functions for the ioctl calls */

ioctl_set_msg(int file_desc, char *message)
{
  int ret_val;

  ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_SET_MSG, message);

  if (ret_val &lt; 0) {
    printf (&quot;ioctl_set_msg failed:%d\n&quot;, ret_val);
    exit(-1);
  }
}



ioctl_get_msg(int file_desc)
{
  int ret_val;
  char message[100]; 

  /* Warning - this is dangerous because we don't tell 
   * the kernel how far it's allowed to write, so it 
   * might overflow the buffer. In a real production 
   * program, we would have used two ioctls - one to tell
   * the kernel the buffer length and another to give 
   * it the buffer to fill
   */
  ret_val = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_MSG, message);

  if (ret_val &lt; 0) {
    printf (&quot;ioctl_get_msg failed:%d\n&quot;, ret_val);
    exit(-1);
  }

  printf(&quot;get_msg message:%s\n&quot;, message);
}



ioctl_get_nth_byte(int file_desc)
{
  int i;
  char c;

  printf(&quot;get_nth_byte message:&quot;);

  i = 0;
  while (c != 0) {
    c = ioctl(file_desc, IOCTL_GET_NTH_BYTE, i++);

    if (c &lt; 0) {
      printf(
      &quot;ioctl_get_nth_byte failed at the %d'th byte:\n&quot;, i);
      exit(-1);
    }

    putchar(c);
  } 
  putchar('\n');
}




/* Main - Call the ioctl functions */
main()
{
  int file_desc, ret_val;
  char *msg = &quot;Message passed by ioctl\n&quot;;

  file_desc = open(DEVICE_FILE_NAME, 0);
  if (file_desc &lt; 0) {
    printf (&quot;Can't open device file: %s\n&quot;, 
            DEVICE_FILE_NAME);
    exit(-1);
  }

  ioctl_get_nth_byte(file_desc);
  ioctl_get_msg(file_desc);
  ioctl_set_msg(file_desc, msg);

  close(file_desc); 
}</PRE
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><H3
CLASS="FOOTNOTES"
>Notes</H3
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ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN870"
HREF="x848.html#AEN870"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[1]</SPAN
></A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>注意这儿“读”与“写”的角色再次翻转过来，在 
	<TT 
CLASS="FUNCTION" 
>ioctl</TT 
>'s 中读是向内核发送信息，而写是从内核获取信息。</P
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ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="5%"
><A
NAME="FTN.AEN875"
HREF="x848.html#AEN875"
><SPAN
CLASS="footnote"
>[2]</SPAN
></A
></TD
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
VALIGN="TOP"
WIDTH="95%"
><P
>这样的表述并不准确。例如你不能在 
	<TT 
CLASS="FUNCTION" 
>ioctl</TT 
> 
      中传递一个结构体，但你可以通过传递指向这个结构体的指针实现。</P
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