md.texi

GCC

(operands[3])} to see which commutative operator was used.

The machine mode @var{m} of @code{match_operator} works like that of
@code{match_operand}: it is passed as the second argument to the
predicate function, and that function is solely responsible for
deciding whether the expression to be matched ``has'' that mode.

When constructing an insn, argument 3 of the gen-function will specify
the operation (i.e. the expression code) for the expression to be
made.  It should be an RTL expression, whose expression code is copied
into a new expression whose operands are arguments 1 and 2 of the
gen-function.  The subexpressions of argument 3 are not used;
only its expression code matters.

When @code{match_operator} is used in a pattern for matching an insn,
it usually best if the operand number of the @code{match_operator}
is higher than that of the actual operands of the insn.  This improves
register allocation because the register allocator often looks at
operands 1 and 2 of insns to see if it can do register tying.

There is no way to specify constraints in @code{match_operator}.  The
operand of the insn which corresponds to the @code{match_operator}
never has any constraints because it is never reloaded as a whole.
However, if parts of its @var{operands} are matched by
@code{match_operand} patterns, those parts may have constraints of
their own.

@findex match_op_dup
@item (match_op_dup:@var{m} @var{n}[@var{operands}@dots{}])
Like @code{match_dup}, except that it applies to operators instead of
operands.  When constructing an insn, operand number @var{n} will be
substituted at this point.  But in matching, @code{match_op_dup} behaves
differently.  It assumes that operand number @var{n} has already been
determined by a @code{match_operator} appearing earlier in the
recognition template, and it matches only an identical-looking
expression.

@findex match_parallel
@item (match_parallel @var{n} @var{predicate} [@var{subpat}@dots{}])
This pattern is a placeholder for an insn that consists of a
@code{parallel} expression with a variable number of elements.  This
expression should only appear at the top level of an insn pattern.

When constructing an insn, operand number @var{n} will be substituted at
this point.  When matching an insn, it matches if the body of the insn
is a @code{parallel} expression with at least as many elements as the
vector of @var{subpat} expressions in the @code{match_parallel}, if each
@var{subpat} matches the corresponding element of the @code{parallel},
@emph{and} the function @var{predicate} returns nonzero on the
@code{parallel} that is the body of the insn.  It is the responsibility
of the predicate to validate elements of the @code{parallel} beyond
those listed in the @code{match_parallel}.@refill

A typical use of @code{match_parallel} is to match load and store
multiple expressions, which can contain a variable number of elements
in a @code{parallel}.  For example,
@c the following is *still* going over.  need to change the code.
@c also need to work on grouping of this example.  --mew 1feb93

@smallexample
(define_insn ""
  [(match_parallel 0 "load_multiple_operation"
     [(set (match_operand:SI 1 "gpc_reg_operand" "=r")
           (match_operand:SI 2 "memory_operand" "m"))
      (use (reg:SI 179))
      (clobber (reg:SI 179))])]
  ""
  "loadm 0,0,%1,%2")
@end smallexample

This example comes from @file{a29k.md}.  The function
@code{load_multiple_operations} is defined in @file{a29k.c} and checks
that subsequent elements in the @code{parallel} are the same as the
@code{set} in the pattern, except that they are referencing subsequent
registers and memory locations.

An insn that matches this pattern might look like:

@smallexample
(parallel
 [(set (reg:SI 20) (mem:SI (reg:SI 100)))
  (use (reg:SI 179))
  (clobber (reg:SI 179))
  (set (reg:SI 21)
       (mem:SI (plus:SI (reg:SI 100)
                        (const_int 4))))
  (set (reg:SI 22)
       (mem:SI (plus:SI (reg:SI 100)
                        (const_int 8))))])
@end smallexample

@findex match_par_dup
@item (match_par_dup @var{n} [@var{subpat}@dots{}])
Like @code{match_op_dup}, but for @code{match_parallel} instead of
@code{match_operator}.

@findex match_insn
@item (match_insn @var{predicate})
Match a complete insn.  Unlike the other @code{match_*} recognizers,
@code{match_insn} does not take an operand number.

The machine mode @var{m} of @code{match_insn} works like that of
@code{match_operand}: it is passed as the second argument to the
predicate function, and that function is solely responsible for
deciding whether the expression to be matched ``has'' that mode.

@findex match_insn2
@item (match_insn2 @var{n} @var{predicate})
Match a complete insn.

The machine mode @var{m} of @code{match_insn2} works like that of
@code{match_operand}: it is passed as the second argument to the
predicate function, and that function is solely responsible for
deciding whether the expression to be matched ``has'' that mode.

@end table

@node Output Template
@section Output Templates and Operand Substitution
@cindex output templates
@cindex operand substitution

@cindex @samp{%} in template
@cindex percent sign
The @dfn{output template} is a string which specifies how to output the
assembler code for an instruction pattern.  Most of the template is a
fixed string which is output literally.  The character @samp{%} is used
to specify where to substitute an operand; it can also be used to
identify places where different variants of the assembler require
different syntax.

In the simplest case, a @samp{%} followed by a digit @var{n} says to output
operand @var{n} at that point in the string.

@samp{%} followed by a letter and a digit says to output an operand in an
alternate fashion.  Four letters have standard, built-in meanings described
below.  The machine description macro @code{PRINT_OPERAND} can define
additional letters with nonstandard meanings.

@samp{%c@var{digit}} can be used to substitute an operand that is a
constant value without the syntax that normally indicates an immediate
operand.

@samp{%n@var{digit}} is like @samp{%c@var{digit}} except that the value of
the constant is negated before printing.

@samp{%a@var{digit}} can be used to substitute an operand as if it were a
memory reference, with the actual operand treated as the address.  This may
be useful when outputting a ``load address'' instruction, because often the
assembler syntax for such an instruction requires you to write the operand
as if it were a memory reference.

@samp{%l@var{digit}} is used to substitute a @code{label_ref} into a jump
instruction.

@samp{%=} outputs a number which is unique to each instruction in the
entire compilation.  This is useful for making local labels to be
referred to more than once in a single template that generates multiple
assembler instructions.

@samp{%} followed by a punctuation character specifies a substitution that
does not use an operand.  Only one case is standard: @samp{%%} outputs a
@samp{%} into the assembler code.  Other nonstandard cases can be
defined in the @code{PRINT_OPERAND} macro.  You must also define
which punctuation characters are valid with the
@code{PRINT_OPERAND_PUNCT_VALID_P} macro.

@cindex \
@cindex backslash
The template may generate multiple assembler instructions.  Write the text
for the instructions, with @samp{\;} between them.

@cindex matching operands
When the RTL contains two operands which are required by constraint to match
each other, the output template must refer only to the lower-numbered operand.
Matching operands are not always identical, and the rest of the compiler
arranges to put the proper RTL expression for printing into the lower-numbered
operand.

One use of nonstandard letters or punctuation following @samp{%} is to
distinguish between different assembler languages for the same machine; for
example, Motorola syntax versus MIT syntax for the 68000.  Motorola syntax
requires periods in most opcode names, while MIT syntax does not.  For
example, the opcode @samp{movel} in MIT syntax is @samp{move.l} in Motorola
syntax.  The same file of patterns is used for both kinds of output syntax,
but the character sequence @samp{%.} is used in each place where Motorola
syntax wants a period.  The @code{PRINT_OPERAND} macro for Motorola syntax
defines the sequence to output a period; the macro for MIT syntax defines
it to do nothing.

@cindex @code{#} in template
As a special case, a template consisting of the single character @code{#}
instructs the compiler to first split the insn, and then output the
resulting instructions separately.  This helps eliminate redundancy in the
output templates.   If you have a @code{define_insn} that needs to emit
multiple assembler instructions, and there is an matching @code{define_split}
already defined, then you can simply use @code{#} as the output template
instead of writing an output template that emits the multiple assembler
instructions.

If the macro @code{ASSEMBLER_DIALECT} is defined, you can use construct
of the form @samp{@{option0|option1|option2@}} in the templates.  These
describe multiple variants of assembler language syntax.
@xref{Instruction Output}.

@node Output Statement
@section C Statements for Assembler Output
@cindex output statements
@cindex C statements for assembler output
@cindex generating assembler output

Often a single fixed template string cannot produce correct and efficient
assembler code for all the cases that are recognized by a single
instruction pattern.  For example, the opcodes may depend on the kinds of
operands; or some unfortunate combinations of operands may require extra
machine instructions.

If the output control string starts with a @samp{@@}, then it is actually
a series of templates, each on a separate line.  (Blank lines and
leading spaces and tabs are ignored.)  The templates correspond to the
pattern's constraint alternatives (@pxref{Multi-Alternative}).  For example,
if a target machine has a two-address add instruction @samp{addr} to add
into a register and another @samp{addm} to add a register to memory, you
might write this pattern:

@smallexample
(define_insn "addsi3"
  [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,m")
        (plus:SI (match_operand:SI 1 "general_operand" "0,0")
                 (match_operand:SI 2 "general_operand" "g,r")))]
  ""
  "@@
   addr %2,%0
   addm %2,%0")
@end smallexample

@cindex @code{*} in template
@cindex asterisk in template
If the output control string starts with a @samp{*}, then it is not an
output template but rather a piece of C program that should compute a
template.  It should execute a @code{return} statement to return the
template-string you want.  Most such templates use C string literals, which
require doublequote characters to delimit them.  To include these
doublequote characters in the string, prefix each one with @samp{\}.

The operands may be found in the array @code{operands}, whose C data type
is @code{rtx []}.

It is very common to select different ways of generating assembler code
based on whether an immediate operand is within a certain range.  Be
careful when doing this, because the result of @code{INTVAL} is an
integer on the host machine.  If the host machine has more bits in an
@code{int} than the target machine has in the mode in which the constant
will be used, then some of the bits you get from @code{INTVAL} will be
superfluous.  For proper results, you must carefully disregard the
values of those bits.

@findex output_asm_insn
It is possible to output an assembler instruction and then go on to output
or compute more of them, using the subroutine @code{output_asm_insn}.  This
receives two arguments: a template-string and a vector of operands.  The
vector may be @code{operands}, or it may be another array of @code{rtx}
that you declare locally and initialize yourself.

@findex which_alternative
When an insn pattern has multiple alternatives in its constraints, often
the appearance of the assembler code is determined mostly by which alternative
was matched.  When this is so, the C code can test the variable
@code{which_alternative}, which is the ordinal number of the alternative
that was actually satisfied (0 for the first, 1 for the second alternative,
etc.).

For example, suppose there are two opcodes for storing zero, @samp{clrreg}
for registers and @samp{clrmem} for memory locations.  Here is how
a pattern could use @code{which_alternative} to choose between them:

@smallexample
(define_insn ""
  [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,m")
        (const_int 0))]
  ""
  "*
  return (which_alternative == 0
          ? \"clrreg %0\" : \"clrmem %0\");
  ")
@end smallexample

The example above, where the assembler code to generate was
@emph{solely} determined by the alternative, could also have been specified
as follows, having the output control string start with a @samp{@@}:

@smallexample
@group
(define_insn ""
  [(set (match_operand:SI 0 "general_operand" "=r,m")
        (const_int 0))]
  ""
  "@@
   clrreg %0
   clrmem %0")
@end group
@end smallexample
@end ifset

@c Most of this node appears by itself (in a different place) even
@c when the INTERNALS flag is clear.  Passages that require the full
@c manual's context are conditionalized to appear only in the full manual.
@ifset INTERNALS
@node Constraints
@section Operand Constraints
@cindex operand constraints
@cindex constraints

Each @code{match_operand} in an instruction pattern can specify a
constraint for the type of operands allowed.
@end ifset
@ifclear INTERNALS
@node Constraints
@section Constraints for @code{asm} Operands
@cindex operand constraints, @code{asm}
@cindex constraints, @code{asm}
@cindex @code{asm} constraints

Here are specific details on what constraint letters you can use with
@code{asm} operands.
@end ifclear
Constraints can say whether
an operand may be in a register, and which kinds of register; whether the
operand can be a memory reference, and which kinds of address; whether the
operand may be an immediate constant, and which possible values it may
have.  Constraints can also require two operands to match.

@ifset INTERNALS
@menu
* Simple Constraints::  Basic use of constraints.
* Multi-Alternative::   When an insn has two alternative constraint-patterns.
* Class Preferences::   Constraints guide which hard register to put things in.
* Modifiers::           More precise control over effects of constraints.
* Machine Constraints:: Existing constraints for some particular machines.
@end menu
@end ifset

@ifclear INTERNALS
@menu
* Simple Constraints::  Basic use of constraints.
* Multi-Alternative::   When an insn has two alternative constraint-patterns.
* Modifiers::           More precise control over effects of constraints.
* Machine Constraints:: Special constraints for some particular machines.
@end menu
@end ifclear

@node Simple Constraints
@subsection Simple Constraints
@cindex simple constraints

The simplest kind of constraint is a string full of letters, each of
which describes one kind of operand that is permitted.  Here are
the letters that are allowed:

@table @asis
@item whitespace
Whitespace characters are ignored and can be inserted at any position
except the first.  This enables each alternative for different operands to
be visually aligned in the machine description even if they have different
number of constraints and modifiers.

@cindex @samp{m} in constraint
@cindex memory references in constraints
@item @samp{m}
A memory operand is allowed, with any kind of address that the machine
supports in general.

@cindex offsettable address
@cindex @samp{o} in constraint
@item @samp{o}
A memory operand is allowed, but only if the address is
@dfn{offsettable}.  This means that adding a small integer (actually,