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早期freebsd实现

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\section{Acknowledgements}
The \MH/ system described herein is based on the original Rand \MH/ system.
It has been extensively developed (perhaps too much so) by Marshall Rose and
John Romine at the University of California, Irvine.
Einar Stefferud, Jerry Sweet, and Terry Domae provided numerous suggestions
to improve the UCI version of \MH/.

Parts of this document are taken from a Rand tutorial \cite{SPayn85} by
Sue Payne.

\section{Disclaimer}
The Regents of the University of California issue the following
disclaimer concerning the UCI version of MH:
\bigquote
Although each program has been tested by its contributor,
no warranty, express or implied,
is made by the contributor or the University of California,
as to the accuracy and functioning of the program
and related program material,
nor shall the fact of distribution constitute any such warranty,
and no responsibility is assumed by the contributor
or the University of California in connection herewith.
\endbigquote

\section{Scope}
This document assumes that you have no knowledge of \MH/.
However, to use \MH/ you should have some familiarity with the \unix/ 
operating system,
particularly with the way commands are given,
how files are named,
the jargon (e.g. {\it shell}, {\it argument}, {\it home directory},
{\it pathname\/}),
and how to use a text editor (such as \pgm{ex}, \pgm{vi}, or \pgm{emacs\/}).

This tutorial covers only basic material.
For additional information about \MH/,
consult the {\it User's Manual} \cite{MRose85a}.
Other documents of possible interest to you include
{\it The UCI BBoards Facility} \cite{MRose84}
and
the {\it MH Administrator's Guide} \cite{MRose85b}.

\section{How To Use This Tutorial}
Different typefaces and symbols are used in this document to denote the
kinds of things you (the user) must type on your keyboard.
\smallskip
{\advance\leftskip by\parindent
\item{1.} The names of programs are given in {\it text italics}:
\smallskip\hskip 1in \pgm{comp}\smallskip
\item{2.} Arguments to programs are given in {\tt typewriter style},
delimited by single-quotes:
\smallskip\hskip 1in \arg{msgs}\smallskip
\item{3.} \unix/ pathnames are given in {\sl slanted roman}:
\smallskip\hskip 1in \file{/usr/uci/}\smallskip
\item{4.} Text giving a full example is presented in {\tt typewriter style}:
\example comp\ -editor\ vi\endexample
The ``\hbox{\tt\char`\ }'' glyph % (visible space glyph)
is used to indicate an explicit space (the kind you make with the
space bar on your keyboard).
\smallskip}

\section{Introduction}
With \MH/ you can send messages to other people on your system
and read messages that other people send to you.
Depending on how things have been set up on your system,
it may be possible for you to send messages to people on remote systems.
You can also reply to messages that you have received,
review them,
organize them in {\it folders},
and delete them.

\MH/ differs from other mail programs in that it is composed of many
small programs instead of just one very large program.
Among new users this sometimes causes some confusion
along the lines of ``what program do I run?''
With \MH/, you use the shell to invoke one program at a time.
This means that when you handle mail,
the entire power of the shell is at your disposal
in addition to the facilities that \MH/ provides.
In the beginning, this may not make much sense or may not seem important.
However, we have found that as new users of \MH/ gain experience, 
they find this style of interface to be very useful.

\section{Summary}
The most minimal list of \MH/ commands that you can get by with is:
\smallskip
{\advance\leftskip by\parindent
\item{\pgm{inc}}	- incorporate mail (get new mail)
\item{\pgm{show}}	- show the first message
\item{\pgm{next}}	- show the next message
\item{\pgm{prev}}	- show the previous message
\item{\pgm{comp}}	- compose a new message to send
\item{\pgm{repl}}	- reply to a received message
\smallskip}
\pgm{Comp} and \pgm{repl} give enough prompting possibly to get you along.
However, it is suggested that you take the time to peruse this
tutorial before leaping into things.

\section{Messages and Folders}
A message takes the form of a memorandum,
and is composed of two major parts:
a {\it header},
which contains such information as
\eg{To} and \eg{From} addresses, \eg{Subject}, \eg{Date}, etc.;
and the {\it body},
which is the actual text of the message.
Each {\it component} in the header starts with a keyword followed by
a colon and additional information.
For example, in the message:
\example
    Date: 10 Oct 84 17:41:14 EDT (Wed)\\
    To: News@udel-dewey\\
    Subject: UCI Software Talk\\
    From: UCI Portal (agent: Marshall Rose) <uci@udel-dewey>\\\\
    This is the text.
\endexample
there are four header items, and one line of text in the body.
Note that a blank line separates the body from the headers.

\MH/ stores a message as an ordinary file in a \unix/ directory.
This directory is called a {\it folder}.
If you choose to keep and organize your messages,
you may create as many folders as you wish.
There is no limit as to the number of messages in a folder.
Typically messages are numbered from~1 up.
All of your personal folders,
along with some other information that \MH/ needs to know,
are kept in a special directory called \file{Mail} under your home directory.
Normally, \MH/ manages these files and directories automatically,
so you needn't muck around with them directly unless you really want to.

You won't have any folders until somebody sends mail to you, as a rule.
If you are anxious to try out \MH/, but no one has sent you mail yet,
try sending mail to yourself to start out with.

\section{Reading New Mail}
When you are notified that you have mail (usually when you log in),
perhaps with the message
\example You have mail.\endexample
then you know that messages are waiting in your {\it maildrop}.
To read these messages, you first have to {\it incorporate} the mail
into your ``in-box'' by typing the command:
\example inc\endexample
This incorporates the new mail from your mail drop to your in-box,
which is a folder named (naturally enough) \arg{+inbox}.
As \pgm{inc} incorporates your new mail,
it generates a {\it scan listing} of the mail:
$$\vbox{\tenpoint\tx\halign{\hfil#&#\hfil&&	\quad#\hfil\cr
\noalign{\noindent Incorporating new mail into inbox...\medskip}
2&+&	10/10&	WESTINE\%USC-ISIF&	RFC 916 Now Available&
					<<A new Request for Co\cr
3&&	10/10&	G B Reilly&		Gosling EMACS manual&
					<<Marshall, I am lookin\cr
4&&	10/11&	WESTINE\%USC-ISIF&	Internet Monthly Report&\cr
}}$$
Each time \pgm{inc} is invoked,
any new messages are added to the end of your \eg{+inbox} folder.

To read the first message,
use the \pgm{show} command:
\example show\endexample
This displays the current message.
To read each subsequent message,
use the \pgm{next} command:
\example next\endexample
If you want to back up,
the command \pgm{prev} shows the previous message.
Another way to read your messages is to name them all at once:
\example show\ all\endexample
This command displays them all, one after the other.
The \arg{all} argument to \pgm{show} above might also be replaced
with \arg{next} or \arg{prev}, as in
\example
    show\ next\\
    show\ prev
\endexample
which are respectively equivalent to the \pgm{next} and \pgm{prev}
commands.

If you have had occasion to type \pgm{inc} more than once, then
you will find that \eg{show\ all} is showing not only the new messages,
but also the old messages that you've already seen.
Therefore, you might find it better to use
\example show\ cur-last\endexample
instead.
This command displays messages from the current message (\arg{cur})
to the last message (\arg{last}).
Each time \pgm{inc} is invoked, it makes the first new message
the current message.
It should be noted here that the name \arg{all} given in a previous
example is equivalent to the {\it message range} \arg{first-last},
where \arg{first} is the name of the first message in \arg{+inbox}.
Also, \eg{show} by itself is equivalent to
\example show\ cur\endexample

As mentioned earlier,
with the \unix/ shell as your interface to \MH/,
it becomes easy to list a message on a line printer or to another file.
For example,
\example show\ all\ |\ lpr\endexample
lists all the messages in the current folder to the line printer.

To summarize, the preceding has introduced these important concepts:
{\it folders} (in particular, the \arg{+inbox} folder),
{\it messages},
{\it message names} (e.g. \arg{prev}, \arg{next}, \arg{cur}, \arg{last}),
and {\it message ranges} (e.g. \arg{cur-last}, \arg{all}).
More will be said about folders and messages in succeeding sections.

\section{Sending Messages}
To send a message, you compose a message {\it draft},
either by replying to a message that someone sent to you,
or by creating a draft from scratch.
The \pgm{send} command is used {\bf after} completing the final draft
of a message, 
in the same way that you mail a paper letter only after you are finished
writing it.
This is a common source of confusion among new \MH/ users who
may have had experience with other mail systems.

This section discusses how to originate messages
and how to reply to messages that were previously received,
along with a word or two about addresses.

\subsection{Originating Messages}
To create a message draft from scratch,
use the \pgm{comp} program.
You will be prompted for the header components
and then the body of the message.
If you make a mistake, you may correct it later with a text editor.
The draft will be sent only if you give an explicit \pgm{send} command,
so you do not have to worry about the draft getting away from you
prematurely.

To start, you simply type:
\example comp\endexample

{\bf To:}
First, the prompt \arg{To:} appears.
Here you type the address of the person to whom you wish the message sent.
If this person is on the same computer system as you,
then that person's login ID should serve as the address
(e.g. \arg{mrose} or \arg{jsweet}).

Here we digress briefly to discuss addresses.
A full discussion of addresses is beyond the scope of this
tutorial, but it should be mentioned that there are other
kinds of addresses besides login IDs.
To send messages to people on remote systems, 
the usual way is to type \arg{login-id@host} in the \arg{To:} component,
as in \arg{MRose@UCI-ICSA}.
Examples of \arg{host} names at UCI include
\arg{uci-icsa},
\arg{uci-icse},
and \arg{uci-cip1}.
Upper and lower case letters may be used interchangeably.
Sometimes a person's last name (e.g. \arg{Rose}, \arg{Sweet}) can be used
instead of a login ID,
but this cannot be relied upon in a world without unique surnames.

{\bf cc:}
After you have given an address to the \arg{To:} prompt, 
you are prompted for the \arg{cc:}
(``carbon copy''--an archaism)