install.ms.1

早期freebsd实现

gateways.
.IP \fIrnews\fP 15
Unpacks news batches from UUCP sites and offers them to \fIinnd\fP.
.IP \fIctlinnd\fP 15
This program controls \fIinnd\fP, directing it to do most of the
tasks a news administrator will have to do:  create newsgroups,
update newsfeeds, and the like.
.PP
To build these programs, type the following:
.DS
cd $inn/frontends
make all
.DE
.NH 3
Innd
.PP
The next program is the main news server, which includes the following
programs:
.IP \fIinnd\fP 15
\fIInnd\fP accepts all incoming NNTP connections and either processes
their traffic or hands them off to the NNTP ``newsreader'' server.
It accepts articles, files them, and queues them so that they can be
sent to downstream feeds.
\fIInnd\fP listens on the official NNTP port.
On most systems only root can do this.
\fIInnd\fP is careful to set the modes of any files it creates, as well as
the privileges of any processes it spawns.
.IP \fIinndstart\fP 15
Sites that are concerned about large root-access programs may wish
to install \fIinndstart\fP.
This program opens the port, changes its user and group ID to be that
of the news administrator, and then \fIexec\fP's \fIinnd\fP with the
open port.
It also sets up a secure execution environment.
It is a small program (about 100 lines) that is easily understood.
You should use it because \fIinnd\fP will run faster because it won't
have to make any \fIchown\fP system calls.
If you make \fIinndstart\fP setuid root then no news maintenance has to
be done as root.
.PP
To build these, type the following:
.DS
cd $inn/innd
make all
.DE
.PP
Note that \fIinnd\fP handles the filing and distribution of certain messages
differently from other systems.
For example, you can have newsgroups within ``control'' for the
different types of control messages.
See \fIinnd.8\fP, \fInewsfeeds.5\fP, and \fIactive.5\fP in the \fIdoc\fP
directory for details.
.NH 3
The NetNews Reading Daemon
.PP
\fIInnd\fP implements a subset of the NNTP protocol \(em only those commands
that are needed for peer sites to feed news articles.
You must install \fInnrpd\fP to allow users to read news.
If a connection comes in from a host that is not a specified feed,
then an \fInnrpd\fP process is spawned to handle it.
(You can debug \fInnrpd\fP by running it interactively; put an entry for
the host named ``stdin'' in your \fInnrp.access\fP file.)
.PP
Build the newsreader server by doing the following:
.DS
cd $inn/nnrpd
make all
.DE
Note that if users on a peer machine (one that feeds you news) want to
read news from your server, then you have two choices.
You can use \fInntpd\fP from the reference platform (See Appendix II)
and make sure not to list the peer in your \fInntp.access\fP file.
The other choice is to relink the reading software on the other machine
with the INN library so that it uses the ``mode reader'' NNTP command
extension.
.NH 3
The Backend Programs
.PP
The backend programs take articles that \fIinnd\fP received and offer them
to your news neighbors.
This includes the following programs:
.IP \fIarchive\fP 15
A simple program to archive news articles.
.IP \fIbatcher\fP 15
Collects articles into batches for UUCP delivery.
.IP \fIbuffchan\fP 15
A program to split a single \fIinnd\fP stream into separate files.
It can buffer data, flushing files based on command-line switches.
.IP \fIcvtbatch\fP 15
A program to turn a file list into an INN batchfile.
A transition aide that is only documented in the source.
.IP \fIfilechan\fP 15
Another program to split a single \fIinnd\fP stream into separate files.
It is system-call intensive, but requires no locking protocol.
.IP \fIinnxmit\fP 15
A replacement for \fInntpxmit\fP from the reference implementation.
It reads a file containing a list of articles, and sends them to a host.
.IP \fInntpget\fP 15
A program to retrieve articles from a remote site.
.IP \fIshlock\fP 15
A program to provide a locking protocol for shell scripts.
.IP \fIshrinkfile\fP 15
A program to shrink a file by removing lines from the beginning.
It is useful for purging backlogged batchfiles.
.IP \fIsys2nf\fP 15
A program to turn a B or C News \fIsys\fP file into an INN \fInewsfeeds\fP
file.
This is a transition aide that is only documented in the source.
.PP
To build this set of programs, type the following:
.DS
cd $inn/backends
make all
.DE
.NH 3
Expire
.PP
This directory includes programs to modify the history database
as well as some utilities that might be useful in this task.
The database is called the \fIhistory\fP file, and it contains one
line for every article on the system, specifying when it was received
and where it was filed.
This file is indexed by the Message-ID, and the DBZ package provides fast
retrieval from it.
.IP \fIconvdate\fP 15
Converts between user-readable dates and the format used in the history file.
.IP \fIexpire\fP 15
Scans the history database to purge old entries, and remove old articles
from the spool area.
You can specify how long to keep sets of newsgroups.
.IP \fImakeactive\fP 15
This program can be used to rebuild the \fIactive\fP file if it is
lost in a crash.
.IP \fImakehistory\fP 15
This program scans through the spool area and rebuilds the history files.
.IP \fInewsrequeue\fP 15
This program can be used after a crash to resend articles to your neighbors.
.IP \fIprunehistory\fP 15
This is a tool for other programs that expire news.
It reads a list of Message-ID's and filenames, and updates the history
file to mark that the files have been deleted.
.PP
This directory also includes \fIexpire.pch\fP and \fIreap.pch\fP.
The first is a patch to the C News expire program that lets it cooperate
better with \fIinnd\fP, sending it messages when articles have been removed.
The second is a set of patches to the \fIreap\fP program that lets it
cooperate with \fIprunehistory\fP; it also adds some other useful features.
Both patch files have additional information in them.
Both programs are unsupported, provided by members of the beta-test group.
.PP
To build these programs, type the following:
.DS
cd $inn/expire
make all
.DE
.PP
If you are currently running C News, note that it has a directory named
\fIexpire\fP that is often the same pathname as INN's \fIexpire\fP program.
You will have to move, or remove, the directory before you can intall
the INN program.
.NH 3
Script and data files
.PP
In addition to the programs, INN requires several scripts.
For example, one script starts the server when the machine boots
while another prunes the log files and runs \fIexpire\fP every night.
Many of these scripts can be used as-is until you get a feel for
how INN works.
.PP
INN also requires several data files.
One specifies what sites feed you news, another what sites you feed, and
so on.
INN cannot provide these, other than giving sample entries.
You'll probably find that writing these files will be the hardest part of
your installation.
.PP
Prototypes for all these files are provided in the \fIsamples\fP directory.
Your modified copies should be maintained in the \fIsite\fP directory.
By splitting things up this way, official updates will never wipe out
any changes you have made.
.PP
To create the initial set of files, do the following:
.DS
cd $inn/site
make all
.DE
.PP
See below for an explanation of each file.
.NH 2
Manual pages
.PP
INN comes with an extensive set of manual pages.
You might want to edit the Makefile to set up the right ownership of
the installed manual pages.
Or you might want to not bother installing them at all.
.PP
When it comes to reading them, you should start with \fIinnd.8\fP
and \fIctlinnd.8\fP.
From there follow the cross-references as you want.
.NH 1
Installing the System
.PP
Although either \fIinnd\fP or \fIinndstart\fP must be run by root, most
of the installation does not have to be done as root.
The \fI$inn/makedirs.sh\fP script creates all the necessary directories used
by INN, and sets up the right ownerships and modes: owned by \fINEWSUSER\fP
in group \fINEWSGROUP\fP with 0775 permissions (the ``firewall'' directory,
\fI_PATH_INDDDIR\fP, has mode 0770).
You should review this script, then run it.
.PP
The rest of the installation should be done as the news administrator
or as root.
The Makefiles are very strict about setting the modes on the files that
get installed.
To install the programs, do the following:
.DS
cd $inn
make update
.DE
This target does a ``make\ install'' in all program directories.
It installs the programs and manpages, but does not update or install
any configuration files or scripts.
This is important:  in any directory (including the top-level one), a
\&``make\ install'' will install everything in that directory into
the right place.
A ``make\ update'' can only be done in the top-level directory or in the
\fIsite\fP directory, and it only replaces scripts, not configuration files.
When updating to a new INN release, you will probably want to do an ``update''
first, and then review the changed files by doing ``make\ diff'' in the
\fIsite\fP directory, and integrate your local changes as appropriate.
The Makefile also has other targets that you might find useful, so the
comments for entries like ``most'' and ``installed-diff', for example.
.PP
The next, and last, step is to build your INN configuration files and utility
scripts.
If you have not already done so, type the following:
.DS
cd $inn/site
make all
.DE
This will get copies of the scripts and files from the \fIbackends\fP and the
\fIsamples\fP directories and run \fIsubst\fP over them.
Whenever patches are issued, doing a \fImake\fP in this directory will let
you know what files have been updated, without destroying your local changes.
The \fIgetsafe.sh\fP script does this.
If you have either an \fISCCS\fP or an \fIRCS\fP directory then
\fIgetsafe.sh\fP will use the appropriate source control system for the
files in this directory.
.PP
The first set of files are used to carry out the control messages.
You might want to look them over; in particular, look at the table in
\fIcontrol.ctl\fP and the newslog manpages in \fIdoc\fP.
The control files are:
.DS
.ta 1.5i
checkgroups	rmgroup
control.ctl	sendme
default	sendsys
docheckgroups	senduuname
ihave	version
newgroup	writelog
parsecontrol
.DE
.PP
The following scripts are normally invoked by \fIcron\fP or at
system boot time, and should not require many changes:
.DS
.ta 1.5i
innlog.awk	scanlogs
innstat	tally.control
news.daily	tally.unwanted
rc.news
.DE
\fIRc.news\fP starts the server.
\fINews.daily\fP invokes \fIexpire\fP and \fIscanlogs\fP.
\fIScanlogs\fP calls the other scripts to process the logs.
You might want to review these scripts just to see what they do.
Do not get bogged down in the details, just read the comments.
They are documented in the manpages news.daily(8) newslog(5), and newslog(8).
.PP
There are some utility scripts to send news to your news feeds:
.DS
.ta 1.5i
nntpsend	send-nntp
nntpsend.ctl	send-uucp
send-ihave	sendbatch
.DE
They flush and lock the batch file for the specified site(s) and then call
\fIinnxmit\fP to send the articles to your downstream feeds.
\fISend-ihave\fP is used for ``ihave/sendme'' feeds and is described
in an appendix.
\fISendbatch\fP and \fIsend-uucp\fP flush and lock batchfiles and call
\fIbatcher\fP to queue up UUCP jobs.
You might want to modify these files to change the flags given to \fIuux\fP;
the default is to queue jobs up as grade ``d.''
You will almost definitely have to edit them to make sure that they properly
parse the output of \fIdf\fP so that your spool area is not overrun!
\fINntpsend\fP and \fIsend-nntp\fP do the same thing for NNTP feeds.
You must determine how you want to propagate your articles \(em the scripts
give common ways of getting the job done.
.PP
The following files will have to be edited to contain your local information.
They all have manual pages in the \fIdoc\fP directory that describe them:
.DS
.ta 1.5i
expire.ctl	newsfeeds
hosts.nntp	nnrp.access
inn.conf	passwd.nntp
moderators
.DE
.PP
The last group of files are utility scripts you might find useful:
.DS
.ta 1.5i
ctlrun	makegroup
inncheck	scanspool
innwatch
.DE
\fICtlrun\fP reads all the articles filed in your ``control'' newsgroup
and calls the appropriate control message script to parse them.
\fIInncheck\fP is a Perl script to check the syntax and permissions of
an installed INN system.
\fIInnreport\fP is an alternate way of summarizing the server's log file.
It is a Perl script.
\fIInnwatch\fP is a shell script to monitor the system and stop the server
when you are running low on disk space or inodes; it could be run out of your
\fI_PATH_NEWSBOOT\fP script.
You might have to edit it to understand your \fIdf\fP output format.
\fIMakegroup\fP is a front-end to \fIrnews\fP that helps you write
a control message to create a newsgroup.
You should review this script because you might have to change the way the
output of the \fIdate\fP command is parsed, and because you might might
want to change the default distribution.
\fIScanspool\fP is a Perl script to make sure that the active file
and the contents of your spool tree agree.
.PP
Once you have made the necessary modifications (and I admit that some of
this \(em especially the \fInewsfeeds\fP file \(em will be difficult), you
should type the following:
.DS
make install
.DE
Make sure you have \fIrc.news\fP installed in the right place, as explained
in the ``Paths to common programs'' section, above.
You might find it useful to read the ``First-Time Usenet or NNTP Installation''
appendix for help on navigating through the INN configuration files.
.PP
There are now only a couple more things to check.
First, make sure you have an \fIactive\fP file and a \fIhistory\fP database!
The appendices explain how to convert your existing files; the \fIBUILD\fP
script will create new ones for you.
If you have Perl, run \fIinncheck\fP to make sure that you have the
datafiles configured correctly.
The second is make sure that you have correctly updated your \fIsyslog.conf\fP
file to match the filenames and logging levels required by INN.
See \fIsyslog/syslog.conf\fP for an example of what to do.
.PP
Once you have done all of this, InterNetNews is now installed, and ready
to run \(em have fun!
.NH 1
Heterogeneous Client Installations
.PP
The \fIinews\fP program is used by user newsreaders.
Programs such as \fIrn\fP (which call \fIPnews\fP) prepare a news article
and feed it into \fIinews\fP.
\fIInews\fP validates the news headers, adds its own, and feeds the article
to the campus \fIinnd\fP server.
The \fIinews\fP that comes with INN is more useful then the ``mini-inews''
that comes with the reference implementation.
You cannot run the standard B2.11 \fIinews\fP.
You can run the C News \fIinews\fP, but only on client machines (i.e.,
those with a \fI$NEWSCTL/server\fP file).
I recommend that you install INN's \fIinews\fP on all the clients in your
campus.
.PP
INN comes with a \fIMakeInews\fP script to make it easier to build and
install \fIinews\fP on a wide variety of hosts.
This script creates a directory and copies all the necessary files (headers,
sources, configuration files) into it.
The script takes an optional argument, which should name the client machine's
architecture.
For example:
.DS
cd $inn
\&./MakeInews sun3
.DE
will create an \fIinews.sun3\fP directory.
You can then examine the Makefile in that directory, and build and install
\fIinews\fP on your Sun-3 clients.
This is easiest if the client NFS-mounts the source directory \(em that
way you can keep all your \fIinews\fP sources in one place.
.PP
\fIRnews\fP only has to be available on the machine where you run UUCP
(and perhaps a mail-news gateway).
If this is not the same machine as where \fIinnd\fP is running, then the
\fIMakeRnews\fP script can be used in the same manner as the \fIMakeInews\fP
script.