meintro.me

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per level of depth in the section number.
For example,
this document was produced
using the request
.(b
\&.nr si 3n
.)b
at the beginning of the input file,
giving three spaces of indent
per section depth.
.pp
Section headers without automatically generated numbers
can be done using:
.(b
\&.uh "Title"
.)b
which will do a section heading,
but will put no number on the section.
.sh 2 "Parts of the Basic Paper"
.pp
There are some requests
which assist in setting up
papers.
The
.b .tp
request
initializes for a title page.
There are no headers or footers
on a title page,
and unlike other pages
you can space down
and leave blank space
at the top.
For example,
a typical title page might appear as:
.(b
\&.tp
\&.sp 2i
\&.(l C
THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS
IN UPPER PRIMATES
\&.sp
by
\&.sp
Frank N. Furter
\&.)l
\&.bp
.)b
.pp
The
.b .+c \ \c
.i T
request can be used
to start chapters.
Each chapter is automatically numbered
from one,
and a heading is printed at the top of each chapter
with the chapter number
and the chapter name
.i T .
For example,
to begin a chapter called
.q Conclusions ,
use the request:
.(b
\&.+c "CONCLUSIONS"
.)b
which will produce,
on a new page,
the lines
.(b C
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS
.)b
with appropriate spacing for a thesis.
Also, the header is moved to the foot of the page
on the first page of a chapter.
Although the
.b .+c
request was not designed to work only with the
.b .th
request,
it is tuned for the format acceptable
for a PhD thesis
at Berkeley.
.pp
If the
title parameter
.i T
is omitted from the
.b .+c
request,
the result is a chapter with no heading.
This can also be used at the beginning
of a paper;
for example,
.b .+c
was used to generate page one
of this document.
.pp
Although
papers traditionally have the abstract,
table of contents,
and so forth at the front of the paper,
it is more convenient to format
and print them last
when using \*G.
This is so that index entries
can be collected and then printed
for the table of contents
(or whatever).
At the end of the paper,
issue the
.b ".++ P"
request,
which begins the preliminary part
of the paper.
After issuing this request,
the
.b .+c
request will begin a preliminary section
of the paper.
Most notably,
this prints the page number
restarted from one
in lower case Roman numbers.
.b .+c
may be used repeatedly
to begin different parts of the
front material
for example,
the abstract,
the table of contents,
acknowledgments,
list of illustrations,
etc.
The request
.b ".++ B"
may also be used
to begin the bibliographic section
at the end of the paper.
For example,
the paper might appear
as outlined in figure 2.
(In this figure,
comments begin with the sequence
.b \e" .)
.(z
.hl
.if t .in 0.5i
.if t .ta 2i
.if n .ta 3i
\&.th	\e" set for thesis mode
\&.fo \(aa\(aaDRAFT\(aa\(aa	\e" define footer for each page
\&.tp	\e" begin title page
\&.(l C	\e" center a large block
THE GROWTH OF TOENAILS
IN UPPER PRIMATES
\&.sp
by
\&.sp
Frank Furter
\&.)l	\e" end centered part
\&.+c INTRODUCTION	\e" begin chapter named "INTRODUCTION"
\&.(x t	\e" make an entry into index `t'
Introduction
\&.)x	\e" end of index entry
text of chapter one
\&.+c "NEXT CHAPTER"	\e" begin another chapter
\&.(x t	\e" enter into index `t' again
Next Chapter
\&.)x
text of chapter two
\&.+c CONCLUSIONS
\&.(x t
Conclusions
\&.)x
text of chapter three
\&.++ B	\e" begin bibliographic information
\&.+c BIBLIOGRAPHY	\e" begin another `chapter'
\&.(x t
Bibliography
\&.)x
text of bibliography
\&.++ P	\e" begin preliminary material
\&.+c "TABLE OF CONTENTS"
\&.xp t	\e" print index `t' collected above
\&.+c PREFACE	\e" begin another preliminary section
text of preface
.sp 2
.in 0
.ce
Figure 2.  Outline of a Sample Paper
.hl
.)z
.sh 2 "Equations and Tables"
.pp
Two special \*U programs exist
to format special types of material.
.b Eqn
sets equations.
.b Tbl
arranges to print
extremely pretty tables
in a variety of formats.
This document will only describe
the embellishments
to the standard features;
consult the reference manuals
for those processors
for a description of their use.
.pp
The
.b eqn
program is described fully
in the document
.ul
Typesetting Mathematics \- User's Guide
by Brian W. Kernighan
and Lorinda L. Cherry.
Equations are centered,
and are kept on one page.
They are introduced by the
.b .EQ
request and terminated by the
.b .EN
request.
.pp
The
.b .EQ
request may take an
equation number as an
optional argument,
which is printed vertically centered
on the right hand side
of the equation.
If the equation becomes too long
it should be split
between two lines.
To do this, type:
.(b
\&.EQ (eq 34)
text of equation 34
\&.EN C
\&.EQ
continuation of equation 34
\&.EN
.)b
The
.b C
on the
.b .EN
request
specifies that the equation
will be continued.
.pp
The
.b tbl
program produces tables.
It is fully described
(including numerous examples)
in the document
.ul
Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables
by M. E. Lesk.
Tables begin with the
.b .TS
request
and end with the
.b .TE
request.
Tables are normally kept on a single page.
If you have a table which is too big
to fit on a single page,
so that you know it will extend
to several pages,
begin the table with the request
.b ".TS\ H"
and put the request
.b .TH
after the part of the table
which you want
duplicated at the top of every page
that the table is printed on.
For example, a table definition
for a long table might look like:
.ds TA \|\h'.4n'\v'-.2n'\s-4\zT\s0\v'.2n'\h'-.4n'\(ci\|
.if n .ds TA \ \o'-T'\ \"
.(b
\&.TS H
c s s
n n n.
THE TABLE TITLE
\&.TH
text of the table
\&.TE
.)b
.pp
.sh 2 "Two Column Output"
.pp
You can get two column output
automatically
by using the request
.b .2c .
This causes everything after it
to be output in two-column form.
The request
.b .bc
will start a new column;
it differs from
.b .bp
in that
.b .bp
may leave a totally blank column
when it starts a new page.
To revert to single column output,
use
.b .1c .
.sh 2 "Defining Macros"
.pp
A
.i macro
is a collection of requests and text
which may be used
by stating a simple request.
Macros begin with the line
.b ".de" \ \c
.i xx
(where
.i xx
is the name of the macro to be defined)
and end with the line consisting of two dots.
After defining the macro,
stating the line
.b . \c
.i xx
is the same as stating all the other lines.
For example,
to define a macro
that spaces 3 lines
and then centers the next input line,
enter:
.(b
\&.de SS
\&.sp 3
\&.ce
\&..
.)b
and use it by typing:
.(b
\&.SS
\&Title Line
(beginning of text)
.)b
.pp
Macro names may be one or two characters.
In order to avoid conflicts
with names in \-me,
always use upper case letters as names.
The only names to avoid are
.b TS ,
.b TH ,
.b TE ,
.b EQ ,
and
.b EN .
.sh 2 "Annotations Inside Keeps"
.pp
Sometimes you may want to put
a footnote
or index entry inside a keep.
For example,
if you want to maintain a
.q "list of figures"
you will want to do something like:
.(b
\&.(z
\&.(c
text of figure
\&.)c
\&.ce
Figure 5.
\&.(x f
Figure 5
\&.)x
\&.)z
.)b
which you may hope
will give you a figure
with a label
and an entry in the index
.b f
(presumably a list of figures index).
Unfortunately,
the
index entry
is read and interpreted
when the keep is read,
not when it is printed,
so the page number in the index is likely to be wrong.
The solution is to use the magic string
.b \e!
at the beginning of all the lines dealing with the index.
In other words,
you should use:
.(b
\&.(z
\&.(c
Text of figure
\&.)c
\&.ce
Figure 5.
\e!.(x f
\e!Figure 5
\e!.)x
\&.)z
.)b
which will defer the processing of the index
until the figure is output.
This will guarantee
that the page number in the index
is correct.
The same comments apply
to
blocks
(with
.b .(b
and
.b .)b )
as well.
.sh 1 "\*T and the Photosetter"
.pp
With a little care,
you can prepare
documents that
will print nicely
on either a regular terminal
or when phototypeset
using the \*T formatting program.
.sh 2 "Fonts"
.pp
A
.i font
is a style of type.
There are three fonts
that are available simultaneously,
Times Roman,
Times Italic,
and Times Bold,
plus the special math font.
The normal font is Roman.
.pp
There are ways of switching between fonts.
The requests
.b .r ,
.b .i ,
.b .b ,
and
.b .bi
switch to Roman,
italic,
bold,
and bold-italic fonts respectively.
You can set a single word
in some font
by typing (for example):
.(b
\&.i word
.)b
which will set
.i word
in italics
but does not affect the surrounding text.
.pp
Notice that if you are setting more than one word
in whatever font,
you must surround that word with double quote marks
(`\|"\|')
so that it will appear to the \*G processor as a single word.
The quote marks will not appear in the formatted text.
If you do want a quote mark to appear,
you should quote the entire string
(even if a single word),
and use
.i two
quote marks where you want one to appear.
For example,
if you want to produce the text:
.(b
.i """Master Control\|"""
.)b
in italics, you must type:
.(b
\&.i """Master Control\e|"""
.)b
The
.b \e|
produces a very narrow space
so that the
.q l
does not overlap the quote sign in \*G,
like this:
.(b
.i """Master Control"""
.)b
.pp
There are also some
.q pseudo-fonts
available.
The input:
.(b
\&.(b
\&.u underlined
\&.bx "words in a box"
\&.)b
.)b
generates
.(b
.u underlined
.bx "words in a box"
.)b
Notice that pseudo font requests
set only the single parameter in the pseudo font;
ordinary font requests will begin setting all text
in the special font
if you do not provide a parameter.
No more than one word
should appear
with these three font requests
in the middle of lines.
This is because
of the way \*G justifies text.
For example,
if you were to issue the requests:
.(b
\&.u "some bold italics"
and
\&.bx "words in a box"
.)b
in the middle of a line
\*G would produce
.u "some bold italics"
and
.bx "words in a box" ,\p
which I think you will agree does not look good.
.pp
The second parameter
of all font requests
is set in the original font.
For example,
the font request:
.(b
\&.b bold face
.)b
generates
.q bold
in bold font,
but sets
.q face
in the font of the surrounding text,
resulting in:
.(b
.b bold face.
.)b
To set the two words
.b bold
and
.b face
both in
.b "bold face" ,
type:
.(b
\&.b "bold face"
.)b
.pp
You can mix fonts in a word by using the
special sequence
.b \ec
at the end of a line
to indicate
.q "continue text processing" ;
this allows input lines
to be joined together
without a space between them.
For example, the input:
.(b
\&.u under \ec
\&.i italics
.)b
generates
.u under \c
.i italics ,
but if we had typed:
.(b
\&.u under
\&.i italics
.)b
the result would have been
.u under
.i italics
as two words.
.sh 2 "Point Sizes"
.pp
The phototypesetter
supports different sizes of type,
measured in points.
The default point size
is 10 points
for most text,
8 points for footnotes.
To change the pointsize,
type:
.(b
\&.sz \c
.i +N
.)b
where
.i N
is the size wanted in points.
The
.i "vertical spacing"
(distance between the bottom of most letters
(the
.i baseline )
between adjacent lines)
is set to be proportional
to the type size.
.pp
These pointsize changes are
.i temporary !!!
For example,
to reset the pointsize of basic text to twelve point, use:
.(b
\&.nr pp 12
\&.nr sp 12
\&.nr tp 12
.)b
to reset the default pointsize of
paragraphs,
section headers,
and titles respectively.
If you only want to set the names of sections in a larger pointsize,
use:
.(b
\&.nr sp 11
.)b
alone \*- this sets section titles
(e.g.,
.b "Point Sizes"
above)
in a larger font than the default.
.pp
A single word or phrase can be set in a smaller pointsize
than the surrounding text
using the
.b .sm
request.
This is especially convenient for words that are all capitals,
due to the optical illusion that makes them look even larger
than they actually are.
For example:
.(b
\&.sm UNIX
.)b
prints as
.sm UNIX
rather than
UNIX.
.pp
Warning:
changing point sizes
on the phototypesetter
is a slow mechanical operation.
On laser printers it may require loading new fonts.
Size changes
should be considered carefully.
.sh 2 "Quotes"
.pp
It is conventional when using
the typesetter to
use pairs of grave and acute accents
to generate double quotes,
rather than the
double quote character
(`\|"\|').
This is because it looks better
to use grave and acute accents;
for example, compare
"quote" to
``quote''.
.pp
You may use the sequences
.b \e*(lq
and
.b \e*(rq
to stand for the left and right quote
respectively.
For example,
use:
.(b
\e*(lqSome things aren\(aat true
even if they did happen.\e*(rq
.)b
to generate the result:
.(b
.q "Some things aren't true even if they did happen."
.)b
As a shorthand,
the special font request:
.(b
\&.q "quoted text"
.)b
will generate
.q "quoted text" .
Notice that you must surround
the material to be quoted
with double quote marks
if it is more than one word.
.sh 0
.sp 1i
.b Acknowledgments
.pp
I would like to thank
Bob Epstein,
Bill Joy,
and Larry Rowe
for having the courage
to use the \-me macros
to produce non-trivial papers
during the development stages;
Ricki Blau,
Pamela Humphrey,
and Jim Joyce
for their help with the documentation phase;
peter kessler
for numerous complaints years after I was
.q done
with this project,
most accompanied by fixes
(hence forcing me to fix several small bugs);
and the plethora of people who have contributed ideas
and have given support for the project.
.sp 1i
This document was
\*G'ed
on \*(td
and applies to the version of the \-me macros
included with \*G version \*(MO.