meintro.me

早期freebsd实现

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.\"	@(#)intro.me	6.4 (Berkeley) 7/17/89
.\"
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.he 'USING GROFF AND \-ME''%'
.\"eh 'USD:22-%''Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me'
.\"oh 'Writing Papers with NROFF using \-me''USD:22-%'
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.sz 14
.b "Writing Papers with GROFF using \-me"
.sz
.sp 2
.ul
Eric P. Allman*
.(f
*Author's current address:
Britton Lee, Inc.,
1919 Addison Suite 105,
Berkeley, California 94704.
.)f
.sp
Project INGRES
Electronics Research Laboratory
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, California  94720
.sp 2
.i "Modified for \*G by James Clark"
.)l
.sp 4
.pp
This document describes
the text processing facilities
available on the \*U\(dg
.(f
\(dg\*U is a trademark
of AT&T Bell Laboratories
.)f
operating system
via \*G and the
\-me
macro package.
It is assumed
that the reader
already is generally familiar
with the \*U operating system
and a text editor
such as
.b ex .
This is intended to be a casual introduction,
and
as such not all material is covered.
In particular,
many variations and additional features
of the \-me macro package
are not explained.
For a complete discussion of this
and other issues,
see
.ul
The \-me Reference Manual
and
.ul
The \*N/\*T Reference Manual.
.pp
\*G, a computer program
that runs on the \*U operating system,
reads an input file
prepared by the user
and outputs a formatted paper
suitable for publication or framing.
The input consists of
.i text ,
or words to be printed,
and
.i requests ,
which give instructions
to the \*G program
telling how to format the printed copy.
.pp
Section 1
describes the basics
of text processing.
Section 2
describes the basic requests.
Section 3
introduces displays.
Annotations,
such as footnotes,
are handled in
section 4.
The more complex requests
which are not discussed in section 2
are covered in section 5.
Finally,
section 6
discusses things you will need
to know
if you want to typeset documents.
If you are a novice,
you probably won't want to read beyond section 4
until you have tried some of the basic features out.
.pp
When you have your raw text ready,
call the \*G formatter by typing
as a request to the \*U shell:
.(b
groff \-me \-T\c
.i "type files"
.)b
where
.i type
describes the type of
output device you are using.
A complete description of options
to the \*G command can be found in
.b groff (1).
.pp
The word
.i argument
is used in this manual
to mean a word or number
which appears on the same line
as a request
which modifies the meaning
of that request.
For example,
the request
.(b
\&.sp
.)b
spaces one line,
but
.(b
\&.sp 4
.)b
spaces four lines.
The number
.b 4
is an
.i argument
to the
.b .sp
request
which says to space four lines
instead of one.
Arguments are separated from the request
and from each other
by spaces.
.sh 1 "Basics of Text Processing"
.pp
The primary function
of \*G
is to
.i collect
words from input lines,
.i fill
output lines with those words,
.i justify
the right hand margin by inserting extra spaces
in the line,
and output the result.
For example,
the input:
.(b
Now is the time
for all good men
to come to the aid
of their party.
Four score and seven
years ago,...
.)b
will be read,
packed onto output lines,
and justified
to produce:
.(b F
Now is the time
for all good men
to come to the aid
of their party.
Four score and seven
years ago,...
.)b
Sometimes you may want to start a new output line
even though the line you are on
is not yet full;
for example,
at the end of a paragraph.
To do this
you can cause a
.i break ,
which
starts a new output line.
Some requests
cause a break automatically,
as do blank input lines
and input lines beginning with a space.
.pp
Not all input lines
are text to be formatted.
Some of the input lines
are
.i requests
which describe
how to format the text.
Requests always have a period
or an apostrophe
(\c
.q "\|\(aa\|" )
as the first character
of the input line.
.pp
The text formatter
also does more complex things,
such as automatically numbering pages,
skipping over page folds,
putting footnotes in the correct place,
and so forth.
.pp
I can offer you a few hints
for preparing text
for input to \*G.
First,
keep the input lines short.
Short input lines are easier to edit,
and \*G will pack words onto longer lines
for you anyhow.
In keeping with this,
it is helpful
to begin a new line
after every period,
comma,
or phrase,
since common corrections
are to add or delete sentences
or phrases.
Second,
do not put spaces at the end of lines,
since this can sometimes confuse the \*N
processor.
Third,
do not hyphenate words at the end of lines
(except words that should have hyphens in them,
such as
.q mother-in-law );
\*G is smart enough to hyphenate words
for you as needed,
but is not smart enough
to take hyphens out
and join a word back together.
Also,
words such as
.q mother-in-law
should not be broken
over a line,
since then you will get a space
where not wanted,
such as
.tr @-
.nh
.q "mother@\ in@law" .
.br
.tr @@
.hy 14
.sh 1 "Basic Requests"
.sh 2 "Paragraphs"
.pp
Paragraphs are begun
by using the
.b .pp
request.
For example,
the input:
.(b
\&.pp
Now is the time for all good men
to come to the aid of their party.
Four score and seven years ago,...
.)b
produces a blank line
followed by an indented first line.
The result is:
.(b F
.ti +\n(piu
Now is the time for all good men
to come to the aid of their party.
Four score and seven years ago,...
.)b
.pp
Notice that the sentences
of the paragraphs
.i "must not"
begin with a space,
since blank lines
and lines beginning with spaces
cause a break.
For example,
if I had typed:
.(b
\&.pp
Now is the time for all good men
      to come to the aid of their party.
Four score and seven years ago,...
.)b
The output would be:
.(b F
.ti +\n(piu
Now is the time for all good men
      to come to the aid of their party.
Four score and seven years ago,...
.)b
A new line begins after the word
.q men
because the second line began with a space character.
.pp
There are many
fancier
types of paragraphs,
which will be described later.
.sh 2 "Headers and Footers"
.pp
Arbitrary headers and footers
can be put
at the top and bottom
of every page.
Two requests
of the form
.b .he \ \c
.i title
and
.b .fo \ \c
.i title
define the titles to put at the head and the foot
of every page,
respectively.
The titles are called
.i three-part
titles,
that is,
there is a left-justified part,
a centered part,
and a right-justified part.
To separate these three parts
the first character of
.i title
(whatever it may be)
is used as a delimiter.
Any character may be used,
but
backslash
and double quote marks
should be avoided.
The percent sign
is replaced by the current page number
whenever found in the title.
For example,
the input:
.(b
\&.he \(aa\(aa%\(aa\(aa
\&.fo \(aaJane Jones\(aa\(aaMy Book\(aa
.)b
results in the page number
centered at the top
of each page,
.q "Jane Jones"
in the lower left corner,
and
.q "My Book"
in the lower right corner.
.sh 2 "Double Spacing"
.pp
.ls 2
\*G will double space output text automatically if you
use the request
.b ".ls\ 2" ,
as is done in this section.
You can revert to single spaced mode
by typing
.b ".ls\ 1" .
.ls 1
.sh 2 "Page Layout"
.pp
A number of requests allow
you to change the way the printed copy looks,
sometimes called the
.i layout
of the output page.
Most of these requests adjust the placing
of
.q "white space"
(blank lines or spaces).
In these explanations,
characters in italics
should be replaced with values you wish to use;
bold characters
represent characters which should actually be typed.
.pp
The
.b .bp
request
starts a new page.
.pp
The request
.b .sp \ \c
.i N
leaves
.i N
lines of blank space.
.i N
can be omitted
(meaning skip a single line)
or can be of the form
.i N \^\c
.b i
(for
.i N
inches)
or
.i N \^\c
.b c
(for
.i N
centimeters).
For example, the input:
.(b
\&.sp 1.5i
My thoughts on the subject
\&.sp
.)b
leaves one and a half inches of space,
followed by the line
.q "My thoughts on the subject" ,
followed by a single blank line.
.pp
The
.b .in \ \c
.i +N
request
changes the amount of white space
on the left of the page
(the
.i indent ).
The argument
.i N
can be of the form
.b + \c
.i N
(meaning leave
.i N
spaces more than you are already leaving),
.b \- \c
.i N
(meaning leave less than you do now),
or just
.i N
(meaning leave exactly
.i N
spaces).
.i N
can be of the form
.i N \^\c
.b i
or
.i N \^\c
.b c
also.
For example,
the input:
.(b
initial text
\&.in 5
some text
\&.in +1i
more text
\&.in \-2c
final text
.)b
produces
.q "some text"
indented exactly five spaces
from the left margin,
.q "more text"
indented five spaces
plus one inch
from the left margin
(fifteen spaces
on a pica typewriter),
and
.q "final text"
indented five spaces
plus one inch
minus two centimeters
from the margin.
That is,
the output is:
.(b
initial text
.in +5
some text
.in +1i
more text
.in -2c
final text
.)b
.pp
The
.b .ti \ \c
.i +N
(temporary indent)
request is used like
.b .in \ \c
.i +N
when the indent
should apply to one line only,
after which it should revert
to the previous indent.
For example,
the input:
.(b
\&.in 1i
\&.ti 0
Ware, James R.  The Best of Confucius,
Halcyon House, 1950.
An excellent book containing translations of
most of Confucius\(aa most delightful sayings.
A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations
of Chinese philosophy.
.)b
produces:
.in 1i+\n($iu
.ti \n($iu
Ware, James R.  The Best of Confucius,
Halcyon House, 1950.
An excellent book containing translations of
most of Confucius' most delightful sayings.
A definite must for anyone interested in the early foundations
of Chinese philosophy.
.pp
Text lines can be centered
by using the
.b .ce
request.
The line after the
.b .ce
is centered
(horizontally)
on the page.
To center more than one line,
use
.b .ce \ \c
.i N
(where
.i N
is the number of lines to center),
followed by the
.i N
lines.
If you want to center many lines
but don't want to count them,
type:
.(b
\&.ce 1000
lines to center
\&.ce 0
.)b
The
.b ".ce\ 0"
request tells \*G to center zero more lines,
in other words,
stop centering.
.pp
All of these requests
cause a break;
that is,
they always start
a new line.
If you want to start a new line
without performing any other action,
use
.b .br .
.sh 1 "Displays"
.pp
Displays are sections of text
to be set off
from the body of the paper.
Major quotes,
tables,
and figures
are types of displays,
as are all the examples
used in this document.
All displays
except centered blocks
are output
single spaced.
.sh 2 "Major Quotes"
.pp
Major quotes
are quotes which are several lines long,
and hence are set in from the rest
of the text
without quote marks
around them.
These can be generated
using the commands
.b .(q
and
.b .)q
to surround the quote.
For example,
the input:
.(b
As Weizenbaum points out:
\&.(q
It is said that to explain is to explain away.
This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled
as in the areas of computer programming,...
\&.)q
.)b
generates as output:
.lp
As Weizenbaum points out:
.(q
It is said that to explain is to explain away.
This maxim is nowhere so well fulfilled
as in the areas of computer programming,...
.)q
.sh 2 "Lists"
.pp
A
.i list
is an indented,
single spaced,
unfilled display.
Lists should be used
when the material to be printed
should not be filled and justified
like normal text,
such as columns of figures
or the examples used in this paper.
Lists are surrounded
by the requests
.b .(l
and
.b .)l .
For example,
type:
.(b
Alternatives to avoid deadlock are:
\&.(l
Lock in a specified order
Detect deadlock and back out one process
Lock all resources needed before proceeding
\&.)l
.)b
will produce:
.br
Alternatives to avoid deadlock are:
.(l
Lock in a specified order
Detect deadlock and back out one process
Lock all resources needed before proceeding
.)l
.sh 2 "Keeps"
.pp
A
.i keep
is a display of lines
which are kept on a single page
if possible.
An example of where you would use a keep
might be a diagram.
Keeps differ from lists
in that lists may be broken
over a page boundary
whereas keeps will not.
.pp
Blocks are the basic kind of keep.
They begin with the request
.b .(b
and end with the request
.b .)b .
If there is not room on the current page
for everything in the block,
a new page is begun.
This has the unpleasant effect
of leaving blank space
at the bottom of the page.
When this is not appropriate,
you can use the alternative,
called
.i "floating keeps" .
.pp
.i "Floating keeps"
move relative to the text.
Hence,
they are good for things
which will be referred to
by name,
such as
.q "See figure 3" .
A floating keep will appear
at the bottom of the current page
if it will fit;
otherwise,
it will appear at the top
of the next page.
Floating keeps begin with the line
.b .(z
and end with the line
.b .)z .
For an example of a floating keep,
see figure 1.
.(z
.in 1i
.xl -1i
.hl
\&.(z
\&.hl
Text of keep to be floated.
\&.sp
\&.ce
Figure 1.  Example of a Floating Keep.
\&.hl
\&.)z