refer.man

早期freebsd实现

.B accumulate\*n
Accumulate references instead of writing out each reference
as it is encountered.
Accumulated references will be written out whenever a reference
of the form
.RS
.IP
.B .[
.br
.B $LIST$
.br
.B .]
.LP
is encountered,
after all input files hve been processed,
and whenever
.B .R1
line is recognized.
.RE
.TP
.BI annotate\*n\  field\ string
.I field
is an annotation;
print it at the end of the reference as a paragraph preceded by the line
.RS
.IP
.BI . string
.LP
If
.I macro
is omitted it will default to
.BR AP ;
if
.I field
is also omitted it will default to
.BR X .
Only one field can be an annotation.
.RE
.TP
.BI articles\  string \fR\|.\|.\|. 
.IR string \|.\|.\|.
are definite or indefinite articles, and should be ignored at the beginning of
.B T
fields when sorting.
Initially,
.BR the ,
.B a
and
.B an
are recognized as articles. 
.TP
.BI bibliography\  filename \fR\|.\|.\|.
Write out all the references contained in the bibliographic databases
.IR filename \|.\|.\|.
.TP
.BI bracket-label\  string1\ string2\ string3
In the text, bracket each label
with
.I string1
and
.IR string2 .
An occurrence of
.I string2
immediately followed by
.I string1
will be turned into
.IR string3 .
The default behaviour is
.RS
.IP
.B
bracket-label \e*([. \e*(.] ", "
.RE
.TP
.BI capitalize\  fields
Convert
.I fields
to caps and small caps.
.TP
.B compatible\*n
Recognize
.B .R1
and
.B .R2
even when followed by a character other than space or newline.
.TP
.BI database\  filename \fR\|.\|.\|.
Search the bibliographic databases
.IR filename \|.\|.\|.
For each
.I filename
if an index
.IB filename @INDEX_SUFFIX@
created by
.BR @g@indxbib (@MAN1EXT@)
exists, then it will be searched instead;
each index can cover multiple databases.
.TP
.BI date-as-label\*n\  string
.I string
is a label expression that specifies a string with which to replace the
.B D
field after constructing the label.
See the
.B "Label expressions"
subsection for a description of label expressions.
This command is useful if you do not want explicit labels in the
reference list, but instead want to handle any necessary
disambiguation by qualifying the date in some way.
The label used in the text would typically be some combination of the
author and date.
In most cases you should also use the
.B no-label-in-reference
command.
For example,
.RS
.IP
.B
date-as-label D.+yD.y%a*D.-y
.LP
would attach a disambiguating letter to the year part of the
.B D
field in the reference.
.RE
.TP
.B default-database\*n
The default database should be searched.
This is the default behaviour, so the negative version of
this command is more useful.
refer determines whether the default database should be searched
on the first occasion that it needs to do a search.
Thus a
.B no-default-database
command must be given before then,
in order to be effective.
.TP
.BI discard\*n\  fields
When the reference is read,
.I fields
should be discarded;
no string definitions for
.I fields
will be output.
Initially,
.I fields
are
.BR XYZ .
.TP
.BI et-al\*n\  string\ m\ n
Control use of
.B
et al
in the evaluation of
.B @
expressions in label expressions.
If the number of authors needed to make the author sequence
unambiguous is
.I u
and the total number of authors is
.I t
then the last
.IR t \|\-\| u
authors will be replaced by
.I string
provided that
.IR t \|\-\| u
is not less than
.I m
and
.I t
is not less than
.IR n .
The default behaviour is
.RS
.IP
.B
et-al " et al" 2 3
.RE
.TP
.BI include\  filename
Include
.I filename
and interpret the contents as commands.
.TP
.BI join-authors\  string1\ string2\ string3
This says how authors should be joined together.
When there are exactly two authors, they will be joined with
.IR string1 .
When there are more than two authors, all but the last two will
be joined with
.IR string2 ,
and the last two authors will be joined with
.IR string3 .
If
.I string3
is omitted,
it will default to
.IR string1 ;
if
.I string2
is also omitted it will also default to
.IR string1 .
For example,
.RS
.IP
.B
join-authors " and " ", " ", and "
.LP
will restore the default method for joining authors.
.RE
.TP
.B label-in-reference\*n
When outputting the reference,
define the string
.B [F
to be the reference's label.
This is the default behaviour; so the negative version
of this command is more useful.
.TP
.B label-in-text\*n
For each reference output a label in the text.
The label will be separated from the surrounding text as described in the
.B bracket-label
command.
This is the default behaviour; so the negative version
of this command is more useful.
.TP
.BI label\  string
.I string
is a label expression describing how to label each reference.
.TP
.BI separate-label-second-parts\  string
When merging two-part labels, separate the second part of the second
label from the first label with
.IR string .
See the description of the
.B <>
label expression.
.TP
.B move-punctuation\*n
In the text, move any punctuation at the end of line past the label.
It is usually a good idea to give this command unless you are using
superscripted numbers as labels.
.TP
.BI reverse\*n\  string
Reverse the fields whose names
are in
.IR string .
Each field name can be followed by a number which says
how many such fields should be reversed.
If no number is given for a field, all such fields will be reversed.
.TP
.BI search-ignore\*n\  fields
While searching for keys in databases for which no index exists,
ignore the contents of
.IR fields .
Initially, fields
.B XYZ
are ignored.
.TP
.BI search-truncate\*n\  n
Only require the first
.I n
characters of keys to be given.
In effect when searching for a given key,
words in the database keys are truncated to the maximum of
.I n
and the length of the key.
Initially
.I n
is 6.
.TP
.BI short-label\*n\  string
.I string
is a label expression that specifies an alternative (usually shorter)
style of label.
This is used when the
.B #
flag is given in the citation.
When using author-date style labels, the identity of the author
or authors is sometimes clear from the context, and so it
may be desirable to omit the author or authors from the label.
The
.B short-label
command will typically be used to specify a label containing just
a date and possibly a disambiguating letter.
.TP
.BI sort\*n\  string
Sort references according to
.BR string .
References will automatically be accumulated.
.I string
should be a list of field names, each followed by a number,
indicating how many fields with the name should be used for sorting.
.B +
can be used to indicate that all the fields with the name should be used.
Also 
.B .
can be used to indicate the references should be sorted using the
(tentative) label.
(The
.B
Label expressions
subsection describes the concept of a tentative label.)
.TP
.B sort-adjacent-labels\*n
Sort labels that are adjacent in the text according to their
position in the reference list.
This command should usually be given if the
.B abbreviate-label-ranges
command has been given,
or if the label expression contains a
.B <>
expression.
This will have no effect unless references are being accumulated.
.SS Label expressions
.LP
Label expressions can be evaluated both normally and tentatively. 
The result of normal evaluation is used for output. 
The result of tentative evaluation, called the
.I
tentative label,
is used to gather the information
that normal evaluation needs to disambiguate the label.
Label expressions specified by the
.B date-as-label
and
.B short-label
commands are not evaluated tentatively.
Normal and tentative evaluation are the same for all types
of expression other than
.BR @ ,
.BR * ,
and
.B %
expressions. 
The description below applies to normal evaluation,
except where otherwise specified. 
.TP
.I field
.TQ
.I field\ n
The
.IR n -th
part of
.IR field . 
If
.I n
is omitted, it defaults to 1. 
.TP
.BI ' string '
The characters in
.I string
literally. 
.TP
.B @
All the authors joined as specified by the
.B join-authors
command.
The whole of each author's name will be used.
However, if the references are sorted by author
(that is the sort specification starts with
.BR A+ ),
then authors' last names will be used instead, provided that this does
not introduce ambiguity,
and also an initial subsequence of the authors may be used
instead of all the authors, again provided that this does not
introduce ambiguity.
The use of only the last name for the
.IR i -th
author of some reference
is considered to be ambiguous if
there is some other reference,
such that the first
.IR i \|-\|1
authors of the references are the same,
the
.IR i -th
authors are not the same,
but the
.IR i -th
authors' last names are the same.
A proper initial subsequence of the sequence
of authors for some reference is considered to be ambiguous if there is
a reference with some other sequence of authors which also has
that subsequence as a proper initial subsequence.
When an initial subsequence of authors is used, the remaining
authors are replaced by the string specified by the
.B et-al
command;
this command may also specify additional requirements that must be
met before an initial subsequence can be used.
.B @
tentatively evaluates to a canonical representation of the authors,
such that authors that compare equally for sorting purpose
will have the same representation.
.TP
.BI % n
.TQ
.B %a
.TQ
.B %A
.TQ
.B %i
.TQ
.B %I
The serial number of the reference formatted according to the character
following the
.BR % . 
The serial number of a reference is 1 plus the number of earlier references
with same tentative label as this reference.
These expressions tentatively evaluate to an empty string.
.TP
.IB expr *
If there is another reference with the same tentative label as
this reference, then
.IR expr ,
otherwise an empty string.
It tentatively evaluates to an empty string.
.TP
.IB expr + n
.TQ
.IB expr \- n
The first
.RB ( + )
or last
.RB ( \- )
.I n
upper or lower case letters or digits of
.IR expr .
Troff special characters (such as
.BR \e('a )
count as a single letter.
Accent strings are retained but do not count towards the total.
.TP
.IB expr .l
.I expr
converted to lowercase. 
.TP
.IB expr .u
.I expr
converted to uppercase. 
.TP
.IB expr .c
.I expr
converted to caps and small caps. 
.TP
.IB expr .r
.I expr
reversed so that the last name is first.
.TP
.IB expr .a
.I expr
with first names abbreviated.
Note that fields specified in the
.B abbreviate
command are abbreviated before any labels are evaluated.
Thus
.B .a
is useful only when you want a field to be abbreviated in a label
but not in a reference.
.TP
.IB expr .y
The year part of
.IR expr . 
.TP
.IB expr .+y
The part of
.I expr
before the year, or the whole of
.I expr
if it does not contain a year.
.TP
.IB expr .\-y
The part of
.I expr
after the year, or an empty string if
.I expr
does not contain a year.
.TP
.IB expr .n
The last name part of
.IR expr . 
.TP
.IB expr1 \(ti expr2
.I expr1
except that if the last character of
.I expr1
is
.B \-
then it will be replaced by
.IR expr2 . 
.TP
.I expr1\ expr2
The concatenation of
.I expr1
and
.IR expr2 . 
.TP
.IB expr1 | expr2
If
.I expr1
is non-empty then
.I expr1
otherwise
.IR expr2 . 
.TP
.IB expr1 & expr2
If
.I expr1
is non-empty
then
.I expr2
otherwise an empty string.
.TP
.IB expr1 ? expr2 : expr3
If
.I expr1
is non-empty
then
.I expr2
otherwise
.IR expr3 . 
.TP
.BI < expr >
The label is in two parts, which are separated by
.IR expr .
Two adjacent two-part labels which have the same first part will be
merged by appending the second part of the second label onto the first
label separated by the string specified in the
.B separate-label-second-parts
command (initially, a comma followed by a space); the resulting label
will also be a two-part label with the same first part as before
merging, and so additional labels can be merged into it.
Note that it is permissible for the first part to be empty;
this maybe desirable for expressions used in the
.B short-label
command.
.TP
.BI ( expr )
The same as
.IR expr .
Used for grouping.
.LP
The above expressions are listed in order of precedence
(highest first);
.B &
and
.B |
have the same precedence.
.SS Macro interface
Each reference starts with a call to the macro
.BR ]- .
The string
.B [F
will be defined to be the label for this reference,
unless the
.B no-label-in-reference
command has been given.
There then follows a series of string definitions,
one for each field:
string
.BI [ X
corresponds to field
.IR X .
The number register
.B [P
is set to 1 if the
.B P
field contains a range of pages.
The
.BR [T ,
.B [A
and
.B [O
number registers are set to 1 according as the
.BR T ,
.B A
and
.B O
fields end with one of the characters
.BR .?! .
The
.B [E
number register will be set to 1 if the
.B [E
string contains more than one name.
The reference is followed by a call to the
.B ][
macro.
The first argument to this macro gives a number representing
the type of the reference.
If a reference contains a
.B J
field, it will be classified as type 1,
otherwise if it contains a
.B B
field, it will type 3,
otherwise if it contains a
.B G
or
.B R
field it will be type 4,
otherwise if contains a
.B I
field it will be type 2,
otherwise it will be type 0.
The second argument is a symbolic name for the type:
.BR other ,
.BR journal-article ,
.BR book ,
.B article-in-book
or
.BR tech-report .
Groups of references that have been accumulated
or are produced by the
.B bibliography
command are preceded by a call to the
.B ]<
macro and followed by a call to the
.B ]>
macro.
.SH FILES
.Tp \w'\fB@DEFAULT_INDEX@'u+2n
.B @DEFAULT_INDEX@
Default database.
.TP
.IB file @INDEX_SUFFIX@
Index files.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.BR @g@indxbib (@MAN1EXT@),
.BR @g@lookbib (@MAN1EXT@),
.BR lkbib (@MAN1EXT@)
.br
.SH BUGS
In label expressions,
.B <>
expressions are ignored inside
.BI . char
expressions.