emacs.tex

早期freebsd实现

* Compilation::       Compiling programs in languages other than Lisp
                       (C, Pascal, etc.)
* Lisp Modes::        Various modes for editing Lisp programs, with
                       different facilities for running the Lisp programs.
* Lisp Libraries::    Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
* Lisp Interaction::  Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* Lisp Eval::         Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
* Lisp Debug::        Debugging Lisp programs running in Emacs.
* External Lisp::     Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.

Subnodes of Abbrevs
* Defining Abbrevs::  Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
* Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
* Editing Abbrevs::   Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
* Saving Abbrevs::    Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
* Dynamic Abbrevs::   Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.

Subnodes of Picture
* Basic Picture::     Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
* Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion
                       after "self-inserting" characters.
* Tabs in Picture::   Various features for tab stops and indentation.
* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.

Subnodes of Sending Mail
* Mail Format::       Format of the mail being composed.
* Mail Headers::      Details of allowed mail header fields.
* Mail Mode::         Special commands for editing mail being composed.

Subnodes of Rmail
* Rmail Scrolling::   Scrolling through a message.
* Rmail Motion::      Moving to another message.
* Rmail Deletion::    Deleting and expunging messages.
* Rmail Inbox::       How mail gets into the Rmail file.
* Rmail Files::       Using multiple Rmail files.
* Rmail Output::      Copying message out to files.
* Rmail Labels::      Classifying messages by labeling them.
* Rmail Summary::     Summaries show brief info on many messages.
* Rmail Reply::       Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
* Rmail Editing::     Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
* Rmail Digest::      Extracting the messages from a digest message.

Subnodes of Shell
* Single Shell::      Commands to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
* Shell Mode::        Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.

Subnodes of Customization
* Minor Modes::       Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
                       independently of any others.
* Variables::         Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
                       to decide what to do; by setting variables,
                       you can control their functioning.
* Examining::         Examining or setting one variable's value.
* Edit Options::      Examining or editing list of all variables' values.
* Locals::            Per-buffer values of variables.
* File Variables::    How files can specify variable values.
* Keyboard Macros::   A keyboard macro records a sequence of keystrokes
                       to be replayed with a single command.
* Key Bindings::      The keymaps say what command each key runs.
                       By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
* Keymaps::           Definition of the keymap data structure.
* Rebinding::         How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
* Disabling::         Disabling a command means confirmation is required
                       before it can be executed.  This is done to protect
                       beginners from surprises.
* Syntax::            The syntax table controls how words and expressions
                       are parsed.
* Init File::         How to write common customizations in the `.emacs' file.

Subnodes of Lossage (and recovery)
* Stuck Recursive::   `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
* Screen Garbled::    Garbage on the screen.
* Text Garbled::      Garbage in the text.
* Unasked-for Search::Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
* Emergency Escape::  Emergency escape---
                       What to do if Emacs stops responding.
* Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end.
@end menu

@iftex
@unnumbered Preface

  This manual documents the use and simple customization of the
Emacs editor.  The reader is not expected to be a programmer.  Even simple
customizations do not require programming skill, but the user who is not
interested in customizing can ignore the scattered customization hints.

  This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a
primer.  However, I recommend that the newcomer first use the on-line,
learn-by-doing tutorial, which you get by running Emacs and typing
@kbd{C-h t}.  With it, you learn Emacs by using Emacs on a specially
designed file which describes commands, tells you when to try them,
and then explains the results you see.  This gives a more vivid
introduction than a printed manual.

  On first reading, just skim chapters one and two, which describe the
notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the
Emacs display screen.  Note which questions are answered in these chapters,
so you can refer back later.  After reading chapter four you should
practice the commands there.  The next few chapters describe fundamental
techniques and concepts that are used constantly.  You need to understand
them thoroughly, experimenting with them if necessary.

  To find the documentation on a particular command, look in the index.
Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes.  There
is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term.

@ignore
  If you know vaguely what the command
does, look in the command summary.  The command summary contains a line or
two about each command, and a cross reference to the section of the
manual that describes the command in more detail; related commands
are grouped together.
@end ignore

  This manual comes in two forms: the published form and the Info form.
The Info form is for on-line perusal with the INFO program; it is
distributed along with GNU Emacs.  Both forms contain substantially the
same text and are generated from a common source file, which is also
distributed along with GNU Emacs.

  GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family.  There are many Emacs
editors, all sharing common principles of organization.  For information on
the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons learned from its
development, write for a copy of AI memo 519a, ``Emacs, the Extensible,
Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor'', to Publications Department,
Artificial Intelligence Lab, 545 Tech Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.  At
last report they charge $2.25 per copy.  Another useful publication is LCS
TM-165, ``A Cookbook for an Emacs'', by Craig Finseth, available from
Publications Department, Laboratory for Computer Science, 545 Tech Square,
Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.  The price today is $3.

This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs installed on
Unix systems.  GNU Emacs can also be used on VMS systems, which have
different file name syntax and do not support all GNU Emacs features.  A
VMS edition of this manual may appear in the future.
@end iftex

@node Distrib, License, Top, Top
@unnumbered Distribution

GNU Emacs is @dfn{free}; this means that everyone is free to use it and
free to redistribute it on a free basis.  GNU Emacs is not in the public
domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its
distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything
that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.  What is not allowed
is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of GNU
Emacs that they might get from you.  The precise conditions are found in
the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also appears
following this section.

The easiest way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
You need not ask for permission to do so, or tell any one else; just copy
it.

If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest distribution
version of GNU Emacs from host @file{prep.ai.mit.edu} using anonymous
login.  See the file @file{/u2/emacs/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE} on that host
to find out about your options for copying and which files to use.

You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer.  Computer
manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to
everyone else.  These terms require them to give you the full sources,
including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to
redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the
General Public License.  In other words, the program must be free for you
when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.

If you cannot get a copy in any of those ways, you can order one from the
Free Software Foundation.  Though Emacs itself is free, our distribution
service is not.  An order form is included at the end of manuals printed by
the Foundation.  It is also included in the file @file{etc/DISTRIB} in the
Emacs distribution.  For further information, write to

@display
Free Software Foundation
675 Mass Ave
Cambridge, MA 02139
USA
@end display

The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
purpose: the development of more free software to distribute just like
GNU Emacs.

If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @b{send a donation} to the Free
Software Foundation.  This will help support development of the rest of the
GNU system, and other useful software beyond that.  Your donation is tax
deductible.

@node License, Intro, Distrib, Top
@unnumbered GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
@center Version 1, February 1989
@cindex license to copy Emacs
@cindex General Public License

@display
Copyright @copyright{} 1989 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display

@unnumberedsec Preamble

  The license agreements of most software companies try to keep users
at the mercy of those companies.  By contrast, our General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software---to make sure the software is free for all its users.  The
General Public License applies to the Free Software Foundation's
software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it.
You can use it for your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Specifically, the General Public License is designed to make
sure that you have the freedom to give away or sell copies of free
software, that you receive source code or can get it if you want it,
that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free
programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

  For example, if you distribute copies of a such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must tell them their rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

@iftex
@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@end ifinfo

@enumerate
@item
This License Agreement applies to any program or other work which
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be
distributed under the terms of this General Public License.  The
``Program'', below, refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based
on the Program'' means either the Program or any work containing the
Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications.  Each
licensee is addressed as ``you''.

@item
@cindex Distribution
You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source
code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and
appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and
disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this
General Public License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any
other recipients of the Program a copy of this General Public License
along with the Program.  You may charge a fee for the physical act of
transferring a copy.

@item
You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of
it, and copy and distribute such modifications under the terms of Paragraph
1 above, provided that you also do the following:

@itemize @bullet
@item
cause the modified files to carry prominent notices stating that
you changed the files and the date of any change; and