emacs.tex

早期freebsd实现

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This file documents the GNU Emacs editor.

Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through Tex and print the
results, provided the printed document carries copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).

@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU
General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'',
``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
@end ifinfo
@c
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@settitle GNU Emacs Manual
@c
@titlepage
@sp 6
@center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual}
@sp 4
@center Sixth Edition, Emacs Version 18
@sp 1
@center for Unix Users
@sp 1
@center February 1988
@center (General Public License upgraded, January 1991)
@sp 5
@center Richard Stallman
@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1988 Richard M. Stallman.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the
sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'', ``Distribution'' and ``GNU
General Public License'' are included exactly as in the original, and
provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the
terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual
into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions,
except that the sections entitled ``The GNU Manifesto'',
``Distribution'' and ``GNU General Public License'' may be included in a
translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.
@end titlepage
@page
@ifinfo
@node Top, Distrib,, (DIR)

The Emacs Editor
****************

Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
display editor.  This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs
and some of how to customize it, but not how to extend it.

@end ifinfo
@menu
* Distrib::     How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
* License::     The GNU General Public License gives you permission
		to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; and also
		explains that there is no warranty.
* Intro::       An introduction to Emacs concepts.
* Glossary::    The glossary.
* Manifesto::   What's GNU?  Gnu's Not Unix!

Indexes, nodes containing large menus
* Key Index::      An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
* Command Index::  An item for each command name.
* Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable.
* Concept Index::  An item for each concept.

Important General Concepts
* Screen::      How to interpret what you see on the screen.
* Characters::  Emacs's character sets for file contents and for keyboard.
* Keys::        Key sequences: what you type to request one editing action.
* Commands::    Commands: named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
* Entering Emacs::    Starting Emacs from the shell.
* Command Switches::  Hairy startup options.
* Exiting::     Stopping or killing Emacs.
* Basic::       The most basic editing commands.
* Undo::        Undoing recently made changes in the text.
* Minibuffer::  Entering arguments that are prompted for.
* M-x::         Invoking commands by their names.
* Help::        Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.

Important Text-Changing Commands
* Mark::        The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
* Killing::     Killing text.
* Yanking::     Recovering killed text.  Moving text.
* Accumulating Text::
                Other ways of copying text.
* Rectangles::  Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
* Registers::   Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
* Display::     Controlling what text is displayed.
* Search::      Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
* Fixit::       Commands especially useful for fixing typos.

Larger Units of Text
* Files::       All about handling files.
* Buffers::     Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
* Windows::     Viewing two pieces of text at once.

Advanced Features
* Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
* Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
* Text::        Commands and modes for editing English.
* Programs::    Commands and modes for editing programs.
* Running::     Compiling, running and debugging programs.
* Abbrevs::     How to define text abbreviations to reduce
                 the number of characters you must type.
* Picture::     Editing pictures made up of characters
                 using the quarter-plane screen model.
* Sending Mail::Sending mail in Emacs.
* Rmail::       Reading mail in Emacs.
* Recursive Edit::
                A command can allow you to do editing
                 "within the command".  This is called a
                 `recursive editing level'.
* Narrowing::   Restricting display and editing to a portion
                 of the buffer.
* Sorting::	Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
* Shell::       Executing shell commands from Emacs.
* Hardcopy::	Printing buffers or regions.
* Dissociated Press::  Dissociating text for fun.
* Amusements::         Various games and hacks.
* Emulation::	       Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
* Customization::      Modifying the behavior of Emacs.

Recovery from Problems.
* Quitting::    Quitting and aborting.
* Lossage::     What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
* Bugs::        How and when to report a bug.

Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

Subnodes of Screen
* Point::	The place in the text where editing commands operate.
* Echo Area::   Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
* Mode Line::	Interpreting the mode line.

Subnodes of Basic
* Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines.
* Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen.
* Position Info::      What page, line, row, or column is point on?
* Arguments::          Giving numeric arguments to commands.

Subnodes of Minibuffer
* Minibuffer File::    Entering file names with the minibuffer.
* Minibuffer Edit::    How to edit in the minibuffer.
* Completion::  An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
* Repetition::  Re-executing previous commands that used the minibuffer.

Subnodes of Mark
* Setting Mark::       Commands to set the mark.
* Using Region::       Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
* Marking Objects::    Commands to put region around textual units.
* Mark Ring::          Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.

Subnodes of Yanking
* Kill Ring::          Where killed text is stored.  Basic yanking.
* Appending Kills::    Several kills in a row all yank together.
* Earlier Kills::      Yanking something killed some time ago.

Subnodes of Registers
* RegPos::             Saving positions in registers.
* RegText::            Saving text in registers.
* RegRect::            Saving rectangles in registers.

Subnodes of Display
* Scrolling::	           Moving text up and down in a window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::   Moving text left and right in a window.
* Selective Display::      Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Display Vars::           Information on variables for customizing display.

Subnodes of Search
* Incremental Search::     Search happens as you type the string.
* Nonincremental Search::  Specify entire string and then search.
* Word Search:: 	   Search for sequence of words.
* Regexp Search::	   Search for match for a regexp.
* Regexps::     	   Syntax of regular expressions.
* Search Case::		   To ignore case while searching, or not.
* Replace::     	   Search, and replace some or all matches.
* Unconditional Replace::  Everything about replacement except for querying.
* Query Replace::          How to use querying.
* Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.

Subnodes of Fixit
* Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
* Transpose::   Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
* Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered.
* Spelling::    Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file.

Subnodes of Files
* File Names::  How to type and edit file name arguments.
* Visiting::    Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
* Saving::      Saving makes your changes permanent.
* Backup::      How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
* Interlocking::How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
                 of one file by two users.
* Reverting::   Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
* Auto Save::   Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
* ListDir::     Listing the contents of a file directory.
* Dired::       ``Editing'' a directory to delete, rename, etc.
                 the files in it.
* Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files.

Subnodes of Buffers
* Select Buffer::   Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
* List Buffers::    Getting a list of buffers that exist.
* Misc Buffer::     Renaming; changing read-only status.
* Kill Buffer::     Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers
                     and operate variously on several of them.

Subnodes of Windows
* Basic Window::    Introduction to Emacs windows.
* Split Window::    New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
* Other Window::    Moving to another window or doing something to it.
* Pop Up Window::   Finding a file or buffer in another window.
* Change Window::   Deleting windows and changing their sizes.

Subnodes of Indentation
* Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation.
* Tab Stops::   You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
                 indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
* Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces.

Subnodes of Text
* Text Mode::   The major mode for editing text files.
* Nroff Mode::  The major mode for editing input to the formatter nroff.
* TeX Mode::    The major mode for editing input to the formatter TeX.
* Outline Mode::The major mode for editing outlines.
* Words::       Moving over and killing words.
* Sentences::   Moving over and killing sentences.
* Paragraphs::	Moving over paragraphs.
* Pages::	Moving over pages.
* Filling::     Filling or justifying text
* Case::        Changing the case of text

Subnodes of Programs
* Program Modes::       Major modes for editing programs.
* Lists::       Expressions with balanced parentheses.
                 There are editing commands to operate on them.
* Defuns::      Each program is made up of separate functions.
                 There are editing commands to operate on them.
* Grinding::    Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
* Matching::    Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.
* Comments::    Inserting, illing and aligning comments.
* Balanced Editing::    Inserting two matching parentheses at once, etc.
* Lisp Completion::     Completion on symbol names in Lisp code.
* Documentation::       Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
* Change Log::  Maintaining a change history for your program.
* Tags::        Go direct to any function in your program in one
                 command.  Tags remembers which file it is in.
* Fortran::	Fortran mode and its special features.

Subnodes of Running