named.8

早期freebsd实现

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.\" --Copyright--
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.\"	@(#)named.8	6.6 (Berkeley) 2/14/89
.\"
.TH NAMED 8 "April 17, 1993"
.UC 4
.SH NAME
named \- Internet domain name server
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B named
[
.B \-d
.I debuglevel
] [
.B \-p
.I port#
] [{\-b}
.I bootfile
] [
.B \-q
] [
.B \-r
]
.SH DESCRIPTION
.I Named
is the Internet domain name server.
See RFC's 1033, 1034, and 1035 for more information on the Internet
name-domain system.  Without any arguments,
.I named
will read the default boot file
.IR /etc/named.boot ,
read any initial data and listen for queries.
.PP
Options are:
.TP
.B \-d
Print debugging information.
A number after the ``d'' determines the level of
messages printed.
.TP
.B \-p
Use a different port number.  The default is the standard port number
as returned by getservbyname(3) for service ``domain''.
.TP
.B \-b
Use an alternate boot file.  This is optional and allows you to
specify a file with a leading dash.
.TP
.B \-q
Trace all incoming queries if \fInamed\fP has been compiled with
\fIQRYLOG\fP defined.
.TP
.B \-r
Turns recursion off in the server.  Answers can come only from local
(primary or secondary) zones.  This can be used on root servers.
.PP
Any additional argument is taken as the name of the boot file.
If multiple boot files are specified, only the last is used.
.PP
The boot file contains information about where the name server is to get
its initial data.  
Lines in the boot file cannot be continued on subsequent lines.
The following is a small example:
.in +2m
.nf

;
;	boot file for name server
;
directory	/usr/local/adm/named

.ta \w'forwarders\ 'u +\w'6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA\ 'u +\w'128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3\ 'u
; type	domain	source host/file				backup file

cache	.							root.cache
primary	Berkeley.EDU	berkeley.edu.zone
primary	32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA	ucbhosts.rev
secondary	CC.Berkeley.EDU	128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3	cc.zone.bak
secondary	6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA	128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3	cc.rev.bak
primary	0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA					localhost.rev
forwarders	10.0.0.78 10.2.0.78
; slave

.DT
.fi
.in
The ``directory'' line causes the server to change its working directory to
the directory specified.  This can be important for the correct processing
of \s-1$INCLUDE\s+1 files in primary zone files.
.LP
The ``cache'' line specifies that data in ``root.cache'' is to be placed in
the backup cache.  Its main use is to specify data such as locations of root
domain servers.  This cache is not used during normal operation, but is used
as ``hints'' to find the current root servers.  The file ``root.cache'' is
in the same format as ``berkeley.edu.zone''.  There can be more than one
``cache'' file specified.  The ``root.cache'' file should be retrieved
periodically from \s-1FTP.RS.INTERNIC.NET\s+1 since it contains a list of
root servers, and this list changes periodically.
.LP
The first example ``primary'' line states that the file
``berkeley.edu.zone'' contains authoritative data for the ``Berkeley.EDU''
zone.  The file ``berkeley.edu.zone'' contains data in the master file
format described in RFC883.  All domain names are relative to the origin, in
this case, ``Berkeley.EDU'' (see below for a more detailed description).
The second ``primary'' line states that the file ``ucbhosts.rev'' contains
authoritative data for the domain ``32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA,'' which is used to
translate addresses in network 128.32 to hostnames.  Each master file should
begin with an SOA record for the zone (see below).
.LP
The first example ``secondary'' line specifies that all authoritative data
under ``CC.Berkeley.EDU'' is to be transferred from the name server at
128.32.137.8.  If the transfer fails it will try 128.32.137.3 and continue
trying the addresses, up to 10, listed on this line.  The secondary copy is
also authoritative for the specified domain.  The first non-dotted-quad
address on this line will be taken as a filename in which to backup the
transferred zone.  The name server will load the zone from this backup file
if it exists when it boots, providing a complete copy even if the master
servers are unreachable.  Whenever a new copy of the domain is received by
automatic zone transfer from one of the master servers, this file will be
updated.  If no file name is given, a temporary file will be used, and will
be deleted after each successful zone transfer.  This is not recommended
since it is a needless waste of bandwidth.  The second example ``secondary''
line states that the address-to-hostname mapping for the subnet 128.32.136
should be obtained from the same list of master servers as the previous zone.
.LP
The ``forwarders'' line specifies the addresses of sitewide servers that
will accept recursive queries from other servers.  If the boot file
specifies one or more forwarders, then the server will send all queries for
data not in the cache to the forwarders first.  Each forwarder will be asked
in turn until an answer is returned or the list is exhausted.  If no answer
is forthcoming from a forwarder, the server will continue as it would have
without the forwarders line unless it is in ``slave'' mode.  The forwarding
facility is useful to cause a large sitewide cache to be generated on a
master, and to reduce traffic over links to outside servers.  It can also be
used to allow servers to run that do not have access directly to the
Internet, but wish to act as though they do.