ed.1

早期freebsd实现

.B x
is a lowercase letter from the portable character set (a-z).
The address form \fB`x\fR will refer to
this line (address form 6 above).
.B Current
is unchanged.
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|l
The list command
prints the addressed lines in an unambiguous way:
non-graphic characters are
printed in three-digit octal preceded by a \e
unless they are one of the following in which case they will be printed
as indicated in the brackets:
backslash (`\e\\'),
horizontal tab (\et), form feed (\ef).
return (\er), vertical tab (\ev), and backspace (\eb).
Long lines will be broken based on the type of terminal currently in
use and will likely be ragged at the right side if text and octal are
mixed on the same line.
.B Current
is set to the last line printed.
The
.I l
command may be placed on the same line after any
command except (\fIe\fR, \fIE\fR, \fIf\fR, \fIq\fR, \fIQ\fR, \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIW\fR, or \fI!\fR).
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|m\fBa\fR
The move command moves the addressed lines in the buffer
to after the address
.BR a .
Line 0 is valid as the address \fBa\fR for this command.
.B Current
is the location in the
.B buffer
of the last line moved.
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|n
The number command prints the addressed lines preceding the text with the line number.
The
.I n
command
may
be placed on the same line after any command
except (\fIe\fR, \fIE\fR, \fIf\fR, \fIq\fR, \fIQ\fR, \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIW\fR, or \fI!\fR).
.B Current
is the last line printed.
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|p
The print command prints the addressed lines.
The
.I p
command
may
be placed on the same line after any command
except (\fIe\fR, \fIE\fR, \fIf\fR, \fIq\fR, \fIQ\fR, \fIr\fR, \fIw\fR, \fIW\fR, or \fI!\fR).
.B Current
is the last line printed.
.TP
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|P
This command is a synonym for
.I p
if
.I ed
has been compiled under the BSD option. If
.I ed
has been compiled under the POSIX option then the prompt is toggled on or off.
.B Current
is unchanged when compiled under the POSIX option.
The default prompt is "*" if not specified with the \-p option at startup.
The prompt is initially off unless the \-p option is specified.
.TP 5
q
The quit command causes
.I ed
to exit. If the entire
.B buffer
(1,$) has not been written since the last modification
.I ed
will
issue a warning once (`?'); a second issuing of the command will be obeyed
regardless.
.TP 5
Q
.I Q
works the same as
.I q
except if the buffer has been modified no warning is issued.
.TP 5
($)\|r [filename]
The read command reads in the file `filename' after the
addressed line. If no `filename' is specified then the
.B "remembered filename"
is used. Address 0 is valid for this command.
If read is successful then the number of characters
read is printed (unless the -s option is specified).
If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell
command to be executed, from which the standard output will be
placed in the buffer; `filename' will be non-remembered.
.B Current
is the last line read.
.TP 5
(\| \fB.\fR\|, \fB.\fR\|)\|s/regular expression/\fBreplacement\fR/\fBflags\fR
.br
The substitute command searches for the regular expression in the
addressed lines.
On each line in which a match is found,
matched strings are replaced by the \fBreplacement\fR as specified
by the \fBflags\fR (see below).
If no \fBflags\fR appear, by default only the first occurrence
of the matched string in each line is replaced.
It is an error if no matches to the RE occur.
.IP
The delimiters may be any character except <space> or <newline>.
The delimiter lead by a \e will escape it to be a literal
in the RE or
.BR replacement .
.IP
An ampersand, `&', appearing in the replacement
will equal the string matching the RE.
The `&'s special meaning is supressable by leading
it with a `\e'.
When `%' is the only replacement character in
.B replacement
the most recent
replacement is used.
The `%'s special meaning is supressable by leading
it with a `\e'.
.IP
The characters `\fB\en\fR' (where \fBn\fR is a digit 1-9) is
replaced by the text matching the RE subexpression
.B n
(known as backreferencing).
.I S
may be used to break lines by including a <newline> in
.B replacement
preceeded by a backslash (`\e') to escape it.
.B Replacement
can continue on the next line and can include another escaped <newline>.
.IP
The following extention should not be included in portable scripts.
When spliting lines using \fIs\fR within the global commands (\fIg\fR,
\fIG\fR, \fIv\fR, or \fIV\fR) the <newline> in the replacement string
must be escaped by preceding it with `\e\e\e' (three adjacent `\e'\|s \-
the first `\e' escapes the second `\e' so that it is passed to \fIs\fR
to escape the <newline> passed by the global command; the third `\e'
is to escape the <newline> so that the global command list continues).
[N.B. Other \fIed\fR's do not allow line
splitting within the global commands].
.IP
The \fBflags\fR may be any combination of:
.RS
.IP \fIcount\fR
in each addressed line replace the \fIcount\fR\-th matching occurrence.
.IP g
in each addressed line replace all matching occurrences. When \fIcount\fR and
g are specified together inclusively replace in each addressed line
all matches from the \fIcount\fR\-th match to the end of line.
.IP l
write the line after replacement in the manner specified by the \fIl\fR
command.
.IP n
write the line after replacement in the manner specified by the \fIn\fR
command.
.IP p
write the line after replacement in the manner specified by the \fIp\fR
command.
.RE
.IP
The following special form
should not be included in portable scripts.
This form is maintained for backward compatibility and
is extended to dovetail into the above forms of
.BR s .
.I S
followed by
.I no
delimiters
repeats the most recent substitute command
on the addressed lines.
.I S
may be suffixed with the letters
.BR r " (use the most recent RE rather than the last RE used with \fIs\fR),"
.B p
(complement the setting of the
any print command (l, n, p)
suffix from the previous substitution),
.B g
(complement the setting of the
.I g
suffix) or
.B N
(negate the previous \fIcount\fR flag).
These modifying letters may be combined in any order
(N.B. multiple use of the modifying letters may cause them
to be interpreted as delimiters).
.IP
.B Current
is set to the last line search (BSD) or where the last replacement
occurred (POSIX).
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|t\|\fBa\fR
The transcribe command copies the addressed lines in
the
.B buffer
to after the address
.BR a .
Address 0 is valid as the address \fBa\fR for this command.
.B Current
is the last line transcribed.
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|,\|.\|)\|u
The undo command nullifies the most recent
.B buffer
modifying command.
Buffer modifying commands undo works on are
.IR a ,
.IR c ,
.IR d ,
.IR g ,
.IR G ,
.IR i ,
.IR j ,
.IR m ,
.IR r ,
.IR s ,
.IR t ,
.IR u ,
.IR v ,
and
.I V.
Marks set by the \fIk\fR command will also be restored.
All commands (including nested \fIg\fR, \fIG\fR, \fIv\fR, and
\fIV\fR commands within the \fIg\fR or \fIv\fR)
that undo works on are treated as a single buffer modification.
\fBCurrent\fR is set to the line it addressed before the last
buffer modification.
.TP 5
(1, $)\|v/regular expression/command list
The global non-matching command performs as the
.I g
command does except that the command list is executed for every line
that does not match the RE.
.TP 5
(1, $)\|V/regular expression/
The interactive global non-matching command is the same as the
.I G
except that one command will be accepted as input
with \fBcurrent\fR initially set to every line
that does not match the RE.
.TP 5
(1, $)\|w [filename]
.br
The write command writes the addressed lines to the file `filename'.
If no `filename' is specified then the
.B "remembered filename"
is used. If no addresses are specified the whole
.B buffer
is written.
If the command is successful, the number of characters written is
printed (unless the -s option is specified).
If `filename' is lead by ! then it shall be interpreted as a shell
command to be executed which will accept on its standard input
the section of the buffer specified for writting.
\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
.TP
(1, $)\|W [filename]
.I W
works as the
.I w
command does except the addressed contents of the
.B buffer
are appended to `filename' (or the
.B "remembered filename"
if `filename' is not specified). If `filename' is lead by ! then
.I W
will act exactly as the
.I w
command.
\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
.TP 5
(1, $)\|wq [filename]
.I wq
works as the
.I w
command does with the addition that
.I ed
exits immediately after the write is complete.
\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
.TP 5
(1,$)\|Wq [filename]
.I Wq
works as the
.I W
command does with the addition that
.I ed
exits immediately after the appended write is complete.
\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|+1)\|z\ \ \ \ or,
.br
.TP 5
.RB (\|.\|+1)\|z\fBn\fR
Scroll through the
.BR buffer .
Starting from the addressed line (or
.BR current +1)
print the next 22 (by default or
.BR n )
lines. The
.B n
is a sticky value; it becomes the default number of lines printed
for successive scrolls.
.B Current
is the last line printed.
.TP 5
($)\|=
Print the number of lines in the
.BR buffer .
If an address is provided (in the forms 1-8 above) then the line number
for that line will be printed.
\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
.TP 5
!<shell command>
The command after the
.I !
is executed by \fIsh(1)\fR and the results are printed. A `!' is
printed in the first column when execution has completed (unless the -s
option has been specified).
A `!' immediately after \fI!\fR repeats the last shell command.
An unescaped `%' represents the remembered filename.
Commands to \fIsh(1)\fR can have several lines by escaping the <newline>
with a `\e' immediately before it. The line continuation character
for \fIsh(1)\fR, `\e', can be included on a line provided that it
is escaped by a `\e' immediately before so that \fIed\fR passes it
literally to \fIsh(1)\fR: `\e\e'. It is implicit that for the command
line that the \fIsh(1)\fR line continuation character is on that the
<newline> will be escaped (e.g. `\e\e\e<newline>').
This behavior can be used within global command lists. However, an
additional `\e' must be added so that the \fI!\fR command continuor is
passed to \fI!\fR - it must occur immediately before the global
command's continuor. Therefore,
the \fI!\fR command continuation sequence in a global command list
will appear as `\e\e\e' (explanation as with \fIsfR). The line continuation
character for \fIsh(1)\fR needs no additional escaping (since it it
not dependant on <newline> being adjacent) - hence, the
sequence in a global command list with a line continuation will appear
as `\e\e\e\e\e<newline>'.

\fBCurrent\fR is unchanged.
.TP 5
/regular expression/\|\|\|\|\|or,
.br
.TP 5
?regular expression?
.br
The search command searches forward, `/', (or backward, `?') through the
.B buffer
attempting to find
a line that matches the RE. The search will wrap to the top  (or bottom)
of the
.B buffer
if necessary. Search returns the line number that the match occurs on -
combined with the null command (see below) this causes the line to be printed.
.B Current
is the matching line.
.TP 5
.RB (\|.+1,\|.+1)\|<newline>
.br
The null command is equivalent to asking for the line
.BR current +1
to be printed according to the
.I p
command. This is a useful command to quickly print the next couple of
lines. If more than a couple of lines are needed the
.I z
command (see above) is much better to use. 
\fBCurrent\fR is the last line printed.

.SH OTHER
.PP
If an interrupt signal (SIGINT)\| is sent,
.I ed
prints `?'
and returns to command mode.
.PP
BSD command pairs (pp, ll, etc.) are permitted. Additionally any single
print command may follow any of the non-I/O commands (I/O commands:
e, E, f, r, w, W, wq, and !). This will cause the current line to be
printed in the specified manner after the command has completed.
.PP
Previous limitations on the number of characters per line and per command
list have been lifted; there is now no maximum.
File name and path length is restricted to the maximum length that
the current file system supports.
The
.I undo
command now restores marks to affected lines.
The temporary buffer method will vary dependent on the method selected at
compile. Two methods work with a temporary file (stdio and db), while the
third uses memory.
The limit on the number of lines depends on the amount of memory.
.SH FILES
/tmp/_bsd44_ed*
.br
.XP
ed.hup: the buffer is written to this file in the current
directory if possible and in the HOME directory is not
(if the signal SIGHUP (hangup) is received).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
B. W. Kernighan,
.I
A Tutorial Introduction to the ED Text Editor
.br
B. W. Kernighan,
.I
Advanced editing on UNIX
.br
ex(1), learn(1), regex(3), regex(7), sed(1), vi(1), POSIX 1003.2 (4.20)
.SH "AUTHOR"
Rodney Ruddock
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
`?name' for a file that is either inaccessible, does not exist, or is
a directory. `?'
for all other errors unless the help messages have been toggled on (with
the H command) in which case a descriptive message will be printed.
.PP
EOF is treated as a newline during input so that characters after the last <newline>
are included into the \fBbuffer\fR; the message "<newline> added at
end of line" is printed.
.PP
.I Ed
Returns an exit status of 0 on successful completion. A value >0 is returned
to indicate an \fIed\fR error: 1 for a command line error, 2 for HUP
signal received, 4 for an \fIed\fR command error; these error values
will be or'd together when appropriate.
.SH NOTES
.PP
Regular expressions are now described on regex(7).
.I Ed
follows basic regular expressions (BRE's) as described on regex(7).
BRE's, for the most part, are the same as previous
.I ed
RE's. The changes to the RE's are extensions for internationalization
under POSIX 1003.2. Old scripts with RE's should work without
modification.
.PP
Regular expression logic is very tight. If you believe a command with a
regular expression in it has performed erroneously then a close reading
of regex(7) is likely required.
.PP
Address `0' is legal only for those commands which explicitly state that
it may be used; its use is illegal for all other commands.
.PP
The special form of substitute has been maintained for backward
compatability and should not be used in scripts if they are to
portable.
.PP
Help messages may appear ambiguous to beginners - particularly when BRE's
form part of the command.
.PP
For backward compatability, when more addresses are provided
than required by a command the one or two addresses closest to the
command are used (depending on how may addresses the command accepts).
Portable scripts should not rely on this feature.
.PP
For backward compatibility the option `-' is
equivalent to the `-s' option at the startup of
.IR ed .