jove.1

早期freebsd实现

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.\"	@(#)jove.1	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93
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.EH 'USD:14-%''JOVE Manual for UNIX Users'
.OH 'JOVE Manual for UNIX Users''USD:14-%'
.LP
.TL
JOVE Manual for UNIX Users
.AU
Jonathan Payne
(revised for 4.3BSD by Doug Kingston and Mark Seiden)
.AI
.AB no
.AE
.NH 1
Introduction
.XS \n(PN
\*(SN Introduction
.XE
.LP
\s-2JOVE\s0*
.FS
*\s-2JOVE\s0 stands for Jonathan's Own Version of Emacs.
.FE
is an advanced, self-documenting, customizable real-time display editor.
It (and this tutorial introduction) are based on the original EMACS editor and user 
manual written at M.I.T. by Richard Stallman+.
.FS
+Although \s-2JOVE\s0 is meant to be compatible with EMACS,
and indeed many of the basic commands are very similar,
there are some major differences between the two editors,
and you should not rely on their behaving identically.
.FE
.LP
\s-2JOVE\s0 is considered a
.I display 
editor because normally the text being
edited is visible on the screen and is updated automatically as you
type your commands.
.LP
It's considered a
.I real-time 
editor because the display is updated very
frequently, usually after each character or pair of characters you type.
This minimizes the amount of information you must keep in your
head as you edit.
.LP
\s-2JOVE\s0 is 
.I advanced 
because it provides facilities that go beyond
simple insertion and deletion:
filling of text;
automatic indentations of programs;
view more than one file at once;
and dealing in terms of characters, words, lines, sentences and paragraphs.
It is much easier
to type one command meaning "go to the end of the paragraph" than to
find the desired spot with repetition of simpler commands.
.LP
.I Self-documenting 
means that at almost any time you can easily
find out what a command does,
or to find all the commands that pertain to a topic.
.LP
.I Customizable
means that you can change the definition of \s-2JOVE\s0 commands
in little ways.
For example, you can rearrange the command set;
if you prefer to use arrow keys for the four basic cursor motion commands
(up, down, left and right), you can.
Another sort of customization is
writing new commands by combining built in commands.
.NH 1
The Organization of the Screen
.XS \n(PN
\*(SN The Organization of the Screen
.XE
.LP
\s-2JOVE\s0 divides the screen up into several sections.
The biggest of these sections is used to display the text you are editing.
The terminal's cursor shows the position of \fIpoint\fP,
the location at which editing takes place.
While the cursor appears to point \fIat\fP a character,
point should be thought of as between characters;
it points \fIbefore\fP the character that the cursor appears on top of.
Terminals have only one cursor,
and when output is in progress it must appear where the typing is being done.
This doesn't mean that point is moving;
it is only that \s-2JOVE\s0 has no way of
showing you the location of point except when the terminal is idle.
.LP
The lines of the screen are usually available for displaying text but
sometimes are pre-empted by typeout from certain commands (such as a
listing of all the editor commands).
Most of the time,
output from commands like these is only desired for a short period of time,
usually just long enough to glance at it.
When you have finished looking at the output,
you can type Space to make your text reappear.
(Usually a Space that you type inserts itself, but when there is typeout on
the screen, it does nothing but get rid of that).
Any other command executes normally,
.I after
redrawing your text.
.NH 2
The Message Line
.XS \n(PN 5n
\*(SN The Message Line
.XE
.LP
The bottom line on the screen, called the
\fImessage line\fP,
is reserved for printing messages and for accepting input from the user,
such as filenames or search strings.
When
\s-2JOVE\s0 
prompts for input,
the cursor will temporarily appear on the bottom line, waiting for you
to type a string.
When you have finished typing your input, you can
type a Return to send it to \s-2JOVE\s0.
If you change your mind about running the command that is waiting for input,
you can type Control-G to abort,
and you can continue with your editing.
.LP
When \s-2JOVE\s0 is prompting for a filename,
all the usual editing facilities can be used to fix typos and such;
in addition, \s-2JOVE\s0 has the following extra functions:
.IP "^N"
Insert the next filename from the argument list.
.IP "^P"
Insert the previous filename from the argument list.
.IP "^R"
Insert the full pathname of the file in the current buffer.
.LP
Sometimes you will see \fB--more--\fP on the message line.
This happens when typeout from a command is too long to fit in the screen.
It means that if you type a Space the next screenful of typeout will be
printed.
If you are not interested,
typing anything but a Space will cause the rest of the output to be discarded.
Typing C-G will discard the output and print \fIAborted\fP where the \fB--more--\fP was.
Typing any other command will discard the rest of the output and
also execute the command.
.LP
The message line and the list of filenames from the shell command that
invoked \s-2JOVE\s0 are kept in a special buffer called
\fIMinibuf\fP that can be edited like any other buffer.
.NH 2
The Mode Line
.XS \n(PN 5n
\*(SN The Mode Line
.XE
.LP
At the bottom of the screen, but above the message line, is the
\fImode line\fP.  The mode line format looks like this:
.DS I
\fBJOVE (major minor)   Buffer: bufr  "file" *\fP
.DE
\fImajor\fP is the name of the current \fImajor mode\fP.
At any time, \s-2JOVE\s0 can be in only one major mode at a time.
Currently there are only four major modes: \fIFundamental\fP,
\fIText\fP, \fILisp\fP and \fIC\fP.
.LP
\fIminor\fP is a list of the minor modes that are turned on.
\fBAbbrev\fP means that \fIWord Abbrev\fP mode is on;
\fBAI\fP means that \fIAuto Indent\fP mode is on;
\fBFill\fP means that \fIAuto Fill\fP mode is on;
\fBOvrWt\fP means that \fIOver Write\fP mode is on.
\fBDef\fP means that you are in the process of defining a keyboard macro.
This is not really a mode,
but it's useful to be reminded about it.
The meanings of these modes are described later in this document.
.LP
\fIbufr\fP is the name of the currently selected \fIbuffer\fP.
Each buffer has its own name and holds a file being edited;
this is how \s-2JOVE\s0 can hold several files at once.
But at any given time you are editing only one of them,
the \fIselected\fP buffer.
When we speak of what some command does to "the buffer",
we are talking about the currently selected buffer.
Multiple buffers makes it easy to switch around between several files,
and then it is very useful that
the mode line tells you which one you are editing at any time.  (You
will see later that it is possible to divide the
screen into multiple \fIwindows\fP, each showing a different buffer.  If you
do this, there is a mode line beneath each window.)
.LP
\fIfile\fP is the name of the file that you are editing.
This is the default filename for commands that expect a filename as input.
.LP
The asterisk at the end of the mode line means that there are changes in
the buffer that have not been saved in the file.
If the file has not been changed since it was read in or saved,
there is no asterisk.
.NH 1
Command Input Conventions
.XS \n(PN
\*(SN Command Input Conventions
.XE
.LP
.NH 2
Notational Conventions for ASCII Characters
.XS \n(PN 5n
\*(SN Notational Conventions for ASCII Characters
.XE
.LP
In this manual,
"Control" characters
(that is, characters that are typed with the Control key
and some other key at the same time)
are represented by "C-" followed by another character.
Thus,
C-A is the character you get when you type A with the Control key
(sometimes labeled CTRL) down.
Most control characters when present in the \s-2JOVE\s0
buffer are displayed with a caret; thus, ^A for C-A.
Rubout (or DEL) is displayed as ^?, escape as ^[.
.NH 2
Command and Filename Completion
.XS \n(PN 5n
\*(SN Command and Filename Completion
.XE
.LP
When you are typing the name of a \s-2JOVE\s0 command, you need type only
enough letters to make the name unambiguous.  At any point in the course of
typing the name, you can type question mark (?) to see a list of all the
commands whose names begin with the characters you've already typed; you can
type Space to have \s-2JOVE\s0 supply as many characters as it can; or you
can type Return to complete the command if there is only one possibility.
For example, if you have typed the letters "\fIau\fP" and you then type a
question mark, you will see the list
.DS I
   auto-execute-command
   auto-execute-macro
   auto-fill-mode
   auto-indent-mode
.DE
If you type a Return at this point, \s-2JOVE\s0 will complain by ringing
the bell, because the letters you've typed do not unambiguously specify a
single command.  But if you type Space, \s-2JOVE\s0 will supply the
characters "\fIto-\fP" because all commands that begin "\fIau\fP" also
begin "\fIauto-\fP".  You could then type the letter "\fIf\fP" followed
by either Space or Return, and \s-2JOVE\s0 would complete the entire
command.
.LP
Whenever \s-2JOVE\s0 is prompting you for a filename,
say in the \fIfind-file\fP command,
you also need only type enough of the name to make it unambiguous with
respect to files that already exist.  In this case, question mark and
Space work just as they do in command completion, but Return always
accepts the name just as you've typed it, because you might want to
create a new file with a name similar to that of an existing file.
.NH 1
Commands and Variables
.XS \n(PN
\*(SN Commands and Variables
.XE
.LP
\s-2JOVE\s0 is composed of \fIcommands\fP
which have long names such as
\fInext-line\fP.
Then \fIkeys\fP such as C-N are connected to
commands through the \fIcommand dispatch table\fP.
When we say that C-N moves the cursor down a line,
we are glossing over a distinction which is unimportant for ordinary use,
but essential for simple customization:
it is the command \fInext-line\fP which knows how to move a down line,
and C-N moves down a line because it is connected to that command.
The name for this connection is a \fIbinding\fP; we say that the key
C-N \fIis bound to\fP the command \fInext-line\fP.
.LP
Not all commands are bound to keys.  To invoke a command that isn't bound
to a key, you can type the sequence ESC X, which is bound to the command
\fIexecute-named-command\fP.  You will then be able to type the name of
whatever command you want to execute on the message line.
.LP
Sometimes the description of a command will say
"to change this, set the variable \fImumble\-foo\fP".
A variable is a name used to remember a value.
\s-2JOVE\s0 contains variables which are there so that you can change
them if you want to customize.
The variable's value is examined by some command,
and changing that value makes the command behave differently.
Until you are interesting in customizing \s-2JOVE\s0,
you can ignore this information.
.NH 2
Prefix Characters
.XS \n(PN 5n
\*(SN Prefix Characters
.XE
.LP
Because there are more command names than keys,
\s-2JOVE\s0 provides
\fIprefix characters\fP to increase the number of commands that can
be invoked quickly and easily.
When you type a prefix character \s-2JOVE\s0 will wait
for another character before deciding what to do.
If you wait more than a second or so,
\s-2JOVE\s0 will print the prefix character on the
message line as a reminder and leave the cursor down there until you type your next
character.
There are two prefix characters built into \s-2JOVE\s0:
Escape and Control-X.
How the next character is interpreted depends on which
prefix character you typed.
For example,
if you type Escape followed by B you'll run \fIbackward-word\fP,
but if you type Control-X followed by B you'll run \fIselect-buffer\fP.
Elsewhere in this manual, the Escape key is indicated as "ESC", which is
also what \s-2JOVE\s0 displays on the message line for Escape.
.NH 2
Help
.XS \n(PN
\*(SN Help
.XE
.LP
To get a list of keys and their associated commands,
you type ESC X \fIdescribe-bindings\fP.
If you want to describe a single key,
ESC X \fIdescribe-key\fP will work.  A description of an
individual command is available by using ESC X \fIdescribe-command\fP,
and descriptions of variables by using  ESC X \fIdescribe-variable\fP.
If you can't remember the name of the thing you want to know about,
ESC X \fIapropos\fP will tell you if a command or variable has a given
string in its name.  For example, ESC X \fIapropos describe\fP will
list the names of the four describe commands mentioned briefly in this
section.
.NH 1
Basic Editing Commands
.XS \n(PN
\*(SN Basic Editing Commands
.XE
.LP
.NH 2
Inserting Text
.XS \n(PN 5n
\*(SN Inserting Text
.XE
.LP
To insert printing characters into the text you are editing,
just type them.
All printing characters you type are inserted into the text at
the cursor (that is, at \fIpoint\fP),
and the cursor moves forward.
Any characters after the cursor move forward too.
If the text in the buffer is FOOBAR,
with the cursor before the B,
then if you type XX,
you get FOOXXBAR,
with the cursor still before the B.
.LP
To correct text you have just inserted,
you can use Rubout.