2.t

早期freebsd实现

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.\"	@(#)2.t	8.1 (Berkeley) 7/27/93
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.ds lq ``
.ds rq ''
.ds LH "Installing/Operating \*(4B
.ds RH Bootstrapping
.ds CF \*(Dy
.Sh 1 "Bootstrap procedure"
.PP
This section explains the bootstrap procedure that can be used
to get the kernel supplied with this distribution running on your machine.
If you are not currently running \*(Ps you will
have to do a full bootstrap.
Section 3 describes how to upgrade a \*(Ps system.
An understanding of the operations used in a full bootstrap
is helpful in doing an upgrade as well.
In either case, it is highly desirable to read and understand
the remainder of this document before proceeding.
.PP
The distribution supports a somewhat wider set of machines than
those for which we have built binaries.
The architectures that are supported only in source form include:
.IP \(bu
Intel 386/486-based machines (ISA/AT or EISA bus only)
.IP \(bu
Sony News MIPS-based workstations
.IP \(bu
Omron Luna 68000-based workstations
.LP
If you wish to run one of these architectures,
you will have to build a cross compilation environment.
Note that the distribution does
.B not
include the machine support for the Tahoe and VAX architectures
found in previous BSD distributions.
Our primary development environment is the HP9000/300 series machines.
The other architectures are developed and supported by
people outside the university.
Consequently, we are not able to directly test or maintain these 
other architectures, so cannot comment on their robustness,
reliability, or completeness.
.Sh 2 "Bootstrapping from the tape"
.LP
The set of files on the distribution tape are as follows:
.IP 1)
A
.Xr dd (1)
(HP300),
.Xr tar (1)
(DECstation), or
.Xr dump (8)
(SPARC) image of the root filesystem
.IP 2)
A
.Xr tar
image of the
.Pn /var
filesystem
.IP 3)
A
.Xr tar
image of the
.Pn /usr
filesystem
.IP 4)
A
.Xr tar
image of
.Pn /usr/src/sys
.IP 5)
A
.Xr tar
image of
.Pn /usr/src
except sys and contrib
.IP 6)
A
.Xr tar
image of
.Pn /usr/src/contrib
.IP 7)
(8mm Exabyte tape distributions only)
A
.Xr tar
image of
.Pn /usr/src/X11R5
.LP
The tape bootstrap procedure used to create a
working system involves the following major steps:
.IP 1)
Transfer a bootable root filesystem from the tape to a disk
and get it booted and running.
.IP 2)
Build and restore the
.Pn /var
and
.Pn /usr
filesystems from tape with
.Xr tar (1).
.IP 3)
Extract the system and utility source files as desired.
.PP
The following sections describe the above steps in detail.
The details of the first step vary between architectures.
The specific steps for the HP300, SPARC, and DECstation are
given in the next three sections respectively.
You should follow the instructions for your particular architecture.
In all sections,
commands you are expected to type are shown in italics, while that
information printed by the system is shown emboldened.
.Sh 2 "Booting the HP300"
.Sh 3 "Supported hardware"
.LP
The hardware supported by \*(4B for the HP300/400 is as follows:
.TS
center box;
lw(1i) lw(4i).
CPU's	T{
68020 based (318, 319, 320, 330 and 350),
68030 based (340, 345, 360, 370, 375, 400) and
68040 based (380, 425, 433).
T}
_
DISK's	T{
HP-IB/CS80 (7912, 7914, 7933, 7936, 7945, 7957, 7958, 7959, 2200, 2203)
and SCSI-I (including magneto-optical).
T}
_
TAPE's	T{
Low-density CS80 cartridge (7914, 7946, 9144),
high-density CS80 cartridge (9145),
HP SCSI DAT and
SCSI Exabyte.
T}
_
RS232	T{
98644 built-in single-port, 98642 4-port and 98638 8-port interfaces.
T}
_
NETWORK	T{
98643 internal and external LAN cards.
T}
_
GRAPHICS	T{
Terminal emulation and raw frame buffer support for
98544 / 98545 / 98547 (Topcat color & monochrome),
98548 / 98549 / 98550 (Catseye color & monochrome),
98700 / 98710 (Gatorbox),
98720 / 98721 (Renaissance),
98730 / 98731 (DaVinci) and
A1096A (Hyperion monochrome).
T}
_
INPUT	T{
General interface supporting all HIL devices.
(e.g. keyboard, 2 and 3 button mice, ID module, ...)
T}
_
MISC	T{
Battery-backed real time clock,
builtin and 98625A/B HP-IB interfaces,
builtin and 98658A SCSI interfaces,
serial printers and plotters on HP-IB,
and SCSI autochanger device.
T}
.TE
.LP
Major items that are not supported
include the 310 and 332 CPU's, 400 series machines
configured for Domain/OS, EISA and VME bus adaptors, audio, the centronics
port, 1/2" tape drives (7980), CD-ROM, and the PVRX/TVRX 3D graphics displays.
.Sh 3 "Standalone device file naming"
.LP
The standalone system device name syntax on the HP300 is of the form:
.DS
xx(a,c,u,p)
.DE
where
\fIxx\fP is the device type,
\fIa\fP specifies the adaptor to use,
\fIc\fP the controller,
\fIu\fP the unit, and
\fIp\fP a partition.
The \fIdevice type\fP differentiates the various disks and tapes and is one of:
``rd'' for HP-IB CS80 disks,
``ct'' for HP-IB CS80 cartridge tapes, or
``sd'' for SCSI-I disks
(SCSI-I tapes are currently not supported).
The \fIadaptor\fP field is a logical HP-IB or SCSI bus adaptor card number.
This will typically be
0 for SCSI disks,
0 for devices on the ``slow'' HP-IB interface (usually tapes) and
1 for devices on the ``fast'' HP-IB interface (usually disks).
To get a complete mapping of physical (select-code) to logical card numbers
just type a ^C at the standalone prompt.
The \fIcontroller\fP field is the disk or tape's target number on the
HP-IB or SCSI bus.
For SCSI the range is 0 to 6 (7 is the adaptor address) and
for HP-IB the range is 0 to 7.
The \fIunit\fP field is unused and should be 0.
The \fIpartition\fP field is interpreted differently for tapes
and disks: for disks it is a disk partition (in the range 0-7),
and for tapes it is a file number offset on the tape.
Thus, partition 2 of a SCSI disk drive at target 3 on SCSI bus 1
would be ``sd(1,3,0,2)''.
If you have only one of any type bus adaptor, you may omit the adaptor
and controller numbers;
e.g. ``sd(0,2)'' could be used instead of ``sd(0,0,0,2)''.
The following examples always use the full syntax for clarity.
.Sh 3 "The procedure"
.LP
The basic steps involved in bringing up the HP300 are as follows:
.IP 1)
Obtain a second disk and format it, if necessary.
.IP 2)
Copy a root filesystem from the
tape onto the beginning of the disk.
.IP 3)
Boot the UNIX system on the new disk.
.IP 4)
(Optional) Build a root filesystem optimized for your disk.
.IP 5)
Label the disks with the
.Xr disklabel (8)
program.
.Sh 4 "Step 1: selecting and formatting a disk"
.PP
For your first system you will have to obtain a formatted disk
of a type given in the ``supported hardware'' list above.
If you want to load an entire binary system
(i.e., everything except
.Pn /usr/src ),
on the single disk you will need a minimum of 290MB,
ruling out anything smaller than a 7959B/S disk.
The disklabel included in the bootstrap root image is laid out
to accommodate this scenario.
Note that an HP SCSI magneto-optical disk will work fine for this case.
\*(4B will boot and run (albeit slowly) using one.
If you want to load source on a single disk system,
you will need at least 640MB (at least a 2213A SCSI or 2203A HP-IB disk).
A disk as small as the 7945A (54MB) can be used for the bootstrap
procedure but will hold only the root and primary swap partitions.
If you plan to use multiple disks,
refer to section 2.5 for suggestions on partitioning.
.PP
After selecting a disk, you may need to format it.
Since most HP disk drives come pre-formatted
(except optical media)
you probably will not, but if necessary,
you can format a disk under HP-UX using the
.Xr mediainit (1m)
program.
Once you have \*(4B up and running on one machine you can use the
.Xr scsiformat (8)
program to format additional SCSI disks.
Any additional HP-IB disks will have to be formatted using HP-UX.
.Sh 4 "Step 2: copying the root filesystem from tape to disk"
.PP
Once you have a formatted second disk you can use the
.Xr dd (1)
command under HP-UX to copy the root filesystem image from
the tape to the beginning of the second disk.
For HP's, the root filesystem image is the first file on the tape.
It includes a disklabel and bootblock along with the root filesystem.
An example command to copy the image from tape to the beginning of a disk is:
.DS
.ft CW
dd if=/dev/rmt/0m of=/dev/rdsk/1s0 bs=\*(Bzb
.DE
The actual special file syntax may vary depending on unit numbers and
the version of HP-UX that is running.
Consult the HP-UX
.Xr mt (7)
and
.Xr disk (7)
man pages for details.
.PP
Note that if you have a SCSI disk, you don't necessarily have to use
HP-UX (or an HP) to create the boot disk.
Any machine and operating system that will allow you to copy the
raw disk image out to block 0 of the disk will do.
.PP
If you have only a single machine with a single disk,
you may still be able to install and boot \*(4B if you have an
HP-IB cartridge tape drive.
If so, you can use a more difficult approach of booting a
standalone copy program from the tape, and using that to copy the
root filesystem image from the tape to the disk.
To do this, you need to extract the first file of the distribution tape
(the root image), copy it over to a machine with a cartridge drive
and then copy the image onto tape.
For example:
.DS
.ft CW
dd if=/dev/rst0 of=bootimage bs=\*(Bzb
rcp bootimage foo:/tmp/bootimage
<login to foo>
dd if=/tmp/bootimage of=/dev/rct/0m bs=\*(Bzb
.DE
Once this tape is created you can boot and run the standalone tape
copy program from it.
The copy program is loaded just as any other program would be loaded
by the bootrom in ``attended'' mode:
reset the CPU,
hold down the space bar until the word ``Keyboard'' appears in the
installed interface list, and
enter the menu selection for SYS_TCOPY.
Once loaded and running:
.DS
.TS
lw(2i) l.
\fBFrom:\fP \fI^C\fP	(control-C to see logical adaptor assignments)
\fBhpib0 at sc7\fP
\fBscsi0 at sc14\fP
\fBFrom:\fP \fIct(0,7,0,0)\fP	(HP-IB tape, target 7, first tape file)
\fBTo:\fP \fIsd(0,0,0,2)\fP	(SCSI disk, target 0, third partition)
\fBCopy completed: 1728 records copied\fP
.TE
.DE
.LP
This copy will likely take 30 minutes or more.
.Sh 4 "Step 3: booting the root filesystem"
.PP
You now have a bootable root filesystem on the disk.
If you were previously running with two disks,
it would be best if you shut down the machine and turn off power on
the HP-UX drive.
It will be less confusing and it will eliminate any chance of accidentally
destroying the HP-UX disk.
If you used a cartridge tape for booting you should also unload the tape
at this point.
Whether you booted from tape or copied from disk you should now reboot
the machine and do another attended boot (see previous section),
this time with SYS_TBOOT.
Once loaded and running the boot program will display the CPU type and
prompt for a kernel file to boot:
.DS
.B
HP433 CPU
Boot
.R
\fB:\fP \fI/vmunix\fP
.DE
.LP
After providing the kernel name, the machine will boot \*(4B with
output that looks about like this:
.DS
.B
597480+34120+139288 start 0xfe8019ec
Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993
	The Regents of the University of California.
Copyright (c) 1992 Hewlett-Packard Company
Copyright (c) 1992 Motorola Inc.
All rights reserved.

4.4BSD UNIX #1: Tue Jul 20 11:40:36 PDT 1993
    [e-mail]:/usr/obj/sys/compile/GENERIC.hp300
HP9000/433 (33MHz MC68040 CPU+MMU+FPU, 4k on-chip physical I/D caches)
real mem = xxx
avail mem = ###
using ### buffers containing ### bytes of memory
(... information about available devices ...)
root device?
.R
.DE
.PP
The first three numbers are printed out by the bootstrap program and
are the sizes of different parts of the system (text, initialized and
uninitialized data).  The system also allocates several system data
structures after it starts running.  The sizes of these structures are
based on the amount of available memory and the maximum count of active
users expected, as declared in a system configuration description.  This
will be discussed later.
.PP
UNIX itself then runs for the first time and begins by printing out a banner
identifying the release and
version of the system that is in use and the date that it was compiled. 
.PP
Next the
.I mem
messages give the
amount of real (physical) memory and the
memory available to user programs
in bytes.