6.t

早期freebsd实现

all the makefiles on the system:
.IP all 9
This entry is the default target, the same as if no target is specified.
This target builds the kernel, binary or library, as well as its
associated manual pages.
This target \fBdoes not\fP build the dependency files.
Some of the utilities require that a \fImake depend\fP be done before
a \fImake all\fP can succeed.
.IP depend
Build the include file dependency file, ``.depend'', which is
read by
.Xr make .
See
.Xr mkdep (1)
for further details.
.IP install
Install the kernel, binary or library, as well as its associated
manual pages.
See
.Xr install (1)
for further details.
.IP clean
Remove the kernel, binary or library, as well as any object files
created when building it.
.IP cleandir
The same as clean, except that the dependency files and formatted
manual pages are removed as well.
.IP obj
Build a shadow directory structure in the area referenced by
.Pn /usr/obj
and create a symbolic link in the current source directory to
referenced it, named ``obj''.
Once this shadow structure has been created, all the files created by
.Xr make
will live in the shadow structure, and
.Pn /usr/src
may be mounted read-only by multiple machines.
Doing a \fImake obj\fP in
.Pn /usr/src
will build the shadow directory structure for everything on the
system except for the contributed, old, and kernel software.
.PP
The system consists of three major parts:
the kernel itself, found in
.Pn /usr/src/sys ,
the libraries , found in
.Pn /usr/src/lib ,
and the user programs (the rest of
.Pn /usr/src ).
.PP
Deprecated software, found in
.Pn /usr/src/old ,
often has old style makefiles;
some of it does not compile under \*(4B at all.
.PP
Contributed software, found in
.Pn /usr/src/contrib ,
usually does not support the ``cleandir'', ``depend'', or ``obj'' targets.
.PP
The kernel does not support the ``obj'' shadow structure.
All kernels are compiled in subdirectories of
.Pn /usr/src/sys/compile
which is usually abbreviated as
.Pn /sys/compile .
If you want to mount your source tree read-only,
.Pn /usr/src/sys/compile
will have to be on a separate filesystem from
.Pn /usr/src .
Separation from
.Pn /usr/src
can be done by making
.Pn /usr/src/sys/compile
a symbolic link that references
.Pn /usr/obj/sys/compile .
If it is a symbolic link, the \fIS\fP variable in the kernel
Makefile must be changed from
.Pn \&../..
to the absolute pathname needed to locate the kernel sources, usually
.Pn /usr/src/sys .
The symbolic link created by
.Xr config (8)
for
.Pn machine
must also be manually changed to an absolute pathname.
Finally, the
.Pn /usr/src/sys/libkern/obj
directory must be located in
.Pn /usr/obj/sys/libkern .
.PP
Each of the standard utilities and libraries may be built and
installed by changing directories into the correct location and
doing:
.DS
\fB#\fP \fImake\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP
.DE
Note, if system include files have changed between compiles,
.Xr make
will not do the correct dependency checks if the dependency
files have not been built using the ``depend'' target.
.PP
The entire library and utility suite for the system may be recompiled
from scratch by changing directory to
.Pn /usr/src
and doing:
.DS
\fB#\fP \fImake build\fP
.DE
This target installs the system include files, cleans the source
tree, builds and installs the libraries, and builds and installs
the system utilities.
.PP
To recompile a specific program, first determine where the binary
resides with the
.Xr whereis (1)
command, then change to the corresponding source directory and build
it with the Makefile in the directory.
For instance, to recompile ``passwd'',
all one has to do is:
.DS
\fB#\fP \fIwhereis passwd\fP
\fB/usr/bin/passwd\fP
\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src/usr.bin/passwd\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP
.DE
this will compile and install the
.Xr passwd
utility.
.PP
If you wish to recompile and install all programs into a particular
target area you can override the default path prefix by doing:
.DS
\fB#\fP \fImake\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake DESTDIR=\fPpathname \fIinstall\fP
.DE
Similarly, the mode, owner, group, and other characteristics of
the installed object can be modified by changing other default
make variables.
See
.Xr make (1),
.Pn /usr/src/share/mk/bsd.README ,
and the ``.mk'' scripts in the
.Pn /usr/share/mk
directory for more information.
.PP
If you modify the C library or system include files, to change a
system call for example, and want to rebuild and install everything,
you have to be a little careful.
You must ensure that the include files are installed before anything
is compiled, and that the libraries are installed before the remainder
of the source, otherwise the loaded images will not contain the new
routine from the library.
If include files have been modified, the following commands should
be done first:
.DS
\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src/include\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP
.DE
Then, if, for example, C library files have been modified, the
following commands should be executed:
.DS
\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src/lib/libc\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake depend\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP
\fB#\fP \fIcd /usr/src\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake depend\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake\fP
\fB#\fP \fImake install\fP
.DE
Alternatively, the \fImake build\fP command described above will
accomplish the same tasks.
This takes several hours on a reasonably configured machine.
.Sh 2 "Making local modifications"
.PP
The source for locally written commands is normally stored in
.Pn /usr/src/local ,
and their binaries are kept in
.Pn /usr/local/bin .
This isolation of local binaries allows
.Pn /usr/bin ,
and
.Pn /bin
to correspond to the distribution tape (and to the manuals that
people can buy).
People using local commands should be made aware that they are not
in the base manual.
Manual pages for local commands should be installed in
.Pn /usr/local/man/cat[1-8].
The
.Xr man (1)
command automatically finds manual pages placed in
/usr/local/man/cat[1-8] to encourage this practice (see
.Xr man.conf (5)).
.Sh 2 "Accounting"
.PP
UNIX optionally records two kinds of accounting information:
connect time accounting and process resource accounting.  The connect
time accounting information is stored in the file
.Pn /var/log/wtmp ,
which is summarized by the program
.Xr ac (8).
The process time accounting information is stored in the file
.Pn /var/account/acct
after it is enabled by
.Xr accton (8),
and is analyzed and summarized by the program
.Xr sa (8).
.PP
If you need to recharge for computing time, you can develop
procedures based on the information provided by these commands.
A convenient way to do this is to give commands to the clock daemon
.Pn /usr/sbin/cron
to be executed every day at a specified time.
This is done by adding lines to
.Pn /etc/crontab.local ;
see
.Xr cron (8)
for details.
.Sh 2 "Resource control"
.PP
Resource control in the current version of UNIX is more
elaborate than in most UNIX systems.  The disk quota
facilities developed at the University of Melbourne have
been incorporated in the system and allow control over the
number of files and amount of disk space each user and/or group may use
on each filesystem.  In addition, the resources consumed
by any single process can be limited by the mechanisms of
.Xr setrlimit (2).
As distributed, the latter mechanism
is voluntary, though sites may choose to modify the login
mechanism to impose limits not covered with disk quotas.
.PP
To use the disk quota facilities, the system must be
configured with ``options QUOTA''.  Filesystems may then
be placed under the quota mechanism by creating a null file
.Pn quota.user
and/or
.Pn quota.group
at the root of the filesystem, running
.Xr quotacheck (8),
and modifying
.Pn /etc/fstab
to show that the filesystem is to run
with disk quotas (options userquota and/or groupquota).
The
.Xr quotaon (8)
program may then be run to enable quotas.
.PP
Individual quotas are applied by using the quota editor
.Xr edquota (8).
Users may view their quotas (but not those of other users) with the
.Xr quota (1)
program. The
.Xr repquota (8)
program may be used to summarize the quotas and current
space usage on a particular filesystem or filesystems.
.PP
Quotas are enforced with \fIsoft\fP and \fIhard\fP limits.
When a user and/or group first reaches a soft limit on a resource, a
message is generated on their terminal.  If the user and/or group fails to
lower the resource usage below the soft limit
for longer than the time limit established for that filesystem
(default seven days) the system then treats the soft limit as a
\fIhard\fP limit and disallows any allocations until enough space is
reclaimed to bring the user and/or group back below the soft limit.
Hard limits are enforced strictly resulting in errors when a user
and/or group tries to create or write a file.  Each time a hard limit is
exceeded the system will generate a message on the user's terminal.
.PP
Consult the auxiliary document, ``Disc Quotas in a UNIX Environment'' (SMM:4)
and the appropriate manual entries for more information.
.Sh 2 "Network troubleshooting"
.PP
If you have anything more than a trivial network configuration,
from time to time you are bound to run into problems.  Before
blaming the software, first check your network connections.  On
networks such as the Ethernet a
loose cable tap or misplaced power cable can result in severely
deteriorated service.  The
.Xr netstat (1)
program may be of aid in tracking down hardware malfunctions.
In particular, look at the \fB\-i\fP and \fB\-s\fP options in the manual page.
.PP
Should you believe a communication protocol problem exists,
consult the protocol specifications and attempt to isolate the
problem in a packet trace.  The SO_DEBUG option may be supplied
before establishing a connection on a socket, in which case the
system will trace all traffic and internal actions (such as timers
expiring) in a circular trace buffer.
This buffer may then be printed out with the
.Xr trpt (8)
program.
Most of the servers distributed with the system
accept a \fB\-d\fP option forcing
all sockets to be created with debugging turned on.
Consult the appropriate manual pages for more information.
.Sh 2 "Files that need periodic attention"
.PP
We conclude the discussion of system operations by listing
the files that require periodic attention or are system specific:
.TS
center;
lfC l.
/etc/fstab	how disk partitions are used
/etc/disktab	default disk partition sizes/labels
/etc/printcap	printer database
/etc/gettytab	terminal type definitions
/etc/remote	names and phone numbers of remote machines for \fItip\fP(1)
/etc/group	group memberships
/etc/motd	message of the day
/etc/master.passwd	password file; each account has a line
/etc/rc.local	local system restart script; runs reboot; starts daemons
/etc/inetd.conf	local internet servers
/etc/hosts	local host name database
/etc/networks	network name database
/etc/services	network services database
/etc/hosts.equiv	hosts under same administrative control
/etc/syslog.conf	error log configuration for \fIsyslogd\fP\|(8)
/etc/ttys	enables/disables ports
/etc/crontab	commands that are run periodically
/etc/crontab.local	local commands that are run periodically
/etc/aliases	mail forwarding and distribution groups
/var/account/acct	raw process account data
/var/log/messages	system error log
/var/log/wtmp	login session accounting
.TE
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