3.t

早期freebsd实现

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.ds lq ``
.ds rq ''
.ds RH "Upgrading a \*(Ps System
.ds CF \*(Dy
.Sh 1 "Upgrading a \*(Ps system"
.PP
This section describes the procedure for upgrading a \*(Ps
system to \*(4B.  This procedure may vary according to the version of
the system running before conversion.
If you are converting from a
System V system, some of this section will still apply (in particular,
the filesystem conversion).  However, many of the system configuration
files are different, and the executable file formats are completely
incompatible.
.PP
In particular be wary when using this information to upgrade
a \*(Ps HP300 system.
There are at least four different versions of ``\*(Ps'' out there:
.IP 1)
HPBSD 1.x from Utah.
.br
This was the original version of \*(Ps for HP300s from which the
other variants (and \*(4B) are derived.
It is largely a \*(Ps system with Sun's NFS 3.0 filesystem code and
some \*(Ps-Tahoe features (e.g. networking code).
Since the filesystem code is 4.2/4.3 vintage and the filesystem
hierarchy is largely \*(Ps, most of this section should apply.
.IP 2)
MORE/bsd from Mt. Xinu.
.br
This is a \*(Ps-Tahoe vintage system with Sun's NFS 4.0 filesystem code
upgraded with Tahoe UFS features.
The instructions for \*(Ps-Tahoe should largely apply.
.IP 3)
\*(Ps-Reno from CSRG.
.br
At least one site bootstrapped HP300 support from the Reno distribution.
The Reno filesystem code was somewhere between \*(Ps and \*(4B: the VFS switch
had been added but many of the UFS features (e.g. ``inline'' symlinks)
were missing.
The filesystem hierarchy reorganization first appeared in this release.
Be extremely careful following these instructions if you are
upgrading from the Reno distribution.
.IP 4)
HPBSD 2.0 from Utah.
.br
As if things were not bad enough already,
this release has the \*(4B filesystem and networking code
as well as some utilities, but still has a \*(Ps hierarchy.
No filesystem conversions are necessary for this upgrade,
but files will still need to be moved around.
.Sh 2 "Installation overview"
.PP
If you are running \*(Ps, upgrading your system
involves replacing your kernel and system utilities.
In general, there are three possible ways to install a new \*(Bs distribution:
(1) boot directly from the distribution tape, use it to load new binaries
onto empty disks, and then merge or restore any existing configuration files
and filesystems;
(2) use an existing \*(Ps or later system to extract the root and
.Pn /usr
filesystems from the distribution tape,
boot from the new system, then merge or restore existing
configuration files and filesystems; or
(3) extract the sources from the distribution tape onto an existing system,
and use that system to cross-compile and install \*(4B.
For this release, the second alternative is strongly advised,
with the third alternative reserved as a last resort.
In general, older binaries will continue to run under \*(4B,
but there are many exceptions that are on the critical path
for getting the system running.
Ideally, the new system binaries (root and
.Pn /usr
filesystems) should be installed on spare disk partitions,
then site-specific files should be merged into them.
Once the new system is up and fully merged, the previous root and
.Pn /usr
filesystems can be reused.
Other existing filesystems can be retained and used,
except that (as usual) the new
.Xr fsck
should be run before they are mounted.
.PP
It is \fBSTRONGLY\fP advised that you make full dumps of each filesystem
before beginning, especially any that you intend to modify in place
during the merge.
It is also desirable to run filesystem checks
of all filesystems to be converted to \*(4B before shutting down.
This is an excellent time to review your disk configuration
for possible tuning of the layout.
Most systems will need to provide a new filesystem for system use
mounted on
.Pn /var
(see below).
However, the
.Pn /tmp
filesystem can be an MFS virtual-memory-resident filesystem,
potentially freeing an existing disk partition.
(Additional swap space may be desirable as a consequence.)
See
.Xr mount_mfs (8).
.PP
The recommended installation procedure includes the following steps.
The order of these steps will probably vary according to local needs.
.IP \(bu
Extract root and
.Pn /usr
filesystems from the distribution tapes.
.IP \(bu
Extract kernel and/or user-level sources from the distribution tape
if space permits.
This can serve as the backup documentation as needed.
.IP \(bu
Configure and boot a kernel for the local system.
This can be delayed if the generic kernel from the distribution
supports enough hardware to proceed.
.IP \(bu
Build a skeletal
.Pn /var
filesystem (see
.Xr mtree (8)).
.IP \(bu
Merge site-dependent configuration files from
.Pn /etc
and
.Pn /usr/lib
into the new
.Pn /etc
directory.
Note that many file formats and contents have changed; see section 3.4
of this document.
.IP \(bu
Copy or merge files from
.Pn /usr/adm ,
.Pn /usr/spool ,
.Pn /usr/preserve ,
.Pn /usr/lib ,
and other locations into
.Pn /var .
.IP \(bu
Merge local macros, dictionaries, etc. into
.Pn /usr/share .
.IP \(bu
Merge and update local software to reflect the system changes.
.IP \(bu
Take off the rest of the morning, you've earned it!
.PP
Section 3.2 lists the files to be saved as part of the conversion process.
Section 3.3 describes the bootstrap process.
Section 3.4 discusses the merger of the saved files back into the new system.
Section 3.5 gives an overview of the major
bug fixes and changes between \*(Ps and \*(4B.
Section 3.6 provides general hints on possible problems to be
aware of when converting from \*(Ps to \*(4B.
.Sh 2 "Files to save"
.PP
The following list enumerates the standard set of files you will want to
save and suggests directories in which site-specific files should be present.
This list will likely be augmented with non-standard files you
have added to your system.
If you do not have enough space to create parallel
filesystems, you should create a
.Xr tar
image of the following files before the new filesystems are created.
The rest of this subsection describes where theses files
have moved and how they have changed.
.TS
lfC c l.
/.cshrc	\(dg	root csh startup script (moves to \f(CW/root/.cshrc\fP)
/.login	\(dg	root csh login script (moves to \f(CW/root/.login\fP)
/.profile	\(dg	root sh startup script (moves to \f(CW/root/.profile\fP)
/.rhosts	\(dg	for trusted machines and users (moves to \f(CW/root/.rhosts\fP)
/etc/disktab	\(dd	in case you changed disk partition sizes
/etc/fstab	*	disk configuration data
/etc/ftpusers	\(dg	for local additions
/etc/gettytab	\(dd	getty database
/etc/group	*	group data base
/etc/hosts	\(dg	for local host information
/etc/hosts.equiv	\(dg	for local host equivalence information
/etc/hosts.lpd	\(dg	printer access file
/etc/inetd.conf	*	Internet services configuration data
/etc/named*	\(dg	named configuration files
/etc/netstart	\(dg	network initialization
/etc/networks	\(dg	for local network information
/etc/passwd	*	user data base
/etc/printcap	*	line printer database
/etc/protocols	\(dd	in case you added any local protocols
/etc/rc	*	for any local additions
/etc/rc.local	*	site specific system startup commands
/etc/remote	\(dg	auto-dialer configuration
/etc/services	\(dd	for local additions
/etc/shells	\(dd	list of valid shells
/etc/syslog.conf	*	system logger configuration
/etc/securettys	*	merged into ttys
/etc/ttys	*	terminal line configuration data
/etc/ttytype	*	merged into ttys
/etc/termcap	\(dd	for any local entries that may have been added
/lib	\(dd	for any locally developed language processors
/usr/dict/*	\(dd	for local additions to words and papers
/usr/include/*	\(dd	for local additions
/usr/lib/aliases	*	mail forwarding data base (moves to \f(CW/etc/aliases\fP)
/usr/lib/crontab	*	cron daemon data base (moves to \f(CW/etc/crontab\fP)
/usr/lib/crontab.local	*	local cron daemon data base (moves to \f(CW/etc/crontab.local\fP)
/usr/lib/lib*.a	\(dg	for local libraries
/usr/lib/mail.rc	\(dg	system-wide mail(1) initialization (moves to \f(CW/etc/mail.rc\fP)
/usr/lib/sendmail.cf	*	sendmail configuration (moves to \f(CW/etc/sendmail.cf\fP)
/usr/lib/tmac/*	\(dd	for locally developed troff/nroff macros (moves to \f(CW/usr/share/tmac/*\fP)
/usr/lib/uucp/*	\(dg	for local uucp configuration files
/usr/man/manl	*	for manual pages for locally developed programs (moves to \f(CW/usr/local/man\fP)
/usr/spool/*	\(dg	for current mail, news, uucp files, etc. (moves to \f(CW/var/spool\fP)
/usr/src/local	\(dg	for source for locally developed programs
/sys/conf/HOST	\(dg	configuration file for your machine (moves to \f(CW/sys/<arch>/conf\fP)
/sys/conf/files.HOST	\(dg	list of special files in your kernel (moves to \f(CW/sys/<arch>/conf\fP)
/*/quotas	*	filesystem quota files (moves to \f(CW/*/quotas.user\fP)
.TE
.DS
\(dg\|Files that can be used from \*(Ps without change.
\(dd\|Files that need local changes merged into \*(4B files.
*\|Files that require special work to merge and are discussed in section 3.4.
.DE
.Sh 2 "Installing \*(4B"
.PP
The next step is to build a working \*(4B system.
This can be done by following the steps in section 2 of
this document for extracting the root and
.Pn /usr
filesystems from the distribution tape onto unused disk partitions.
For the SPARC, the root filesystem dump on the tape could also be
extracted directly.
For the HP300 and DECstation, the raw disk image can be copied
into an unused partition and this partition can then be dumped
to create an image that can be restored.
The exact procedure chosen will depend on the disk configuration
and the number of suitable disk partitions that may be used.
It is also desirable to run filesystem checks
of all filesystems to be converted to \*(4B before shutting down.
In any case, this is an excellent time to review your disk configuration
for possible tuning of the layout.
Section 2.5 and
.Xr config (8)
are required reading.
.LP
The filesystem in \*(4B has been reorganized in an effort to
meet several goals:
.IP 1)
The root filesystem should be small.
.IP 2)
There should be a per-architecture centrally-shareable read-only
.Pn /usr
filesystem.
.IP 3)
Variable per-machine directories should be concentrated below
a single mount point named
.Pn /var .
.IP 4)
Site-wide machine independent shareable text files should be separated
from architecture specific binary files and should be concentrated below
a single mount point named
.Pn /usr/share .
.LP
These goals are realized with the following general layouts.
The reorganized root filesystem has the following directories:
.TS
lfC l.
/etc	(config files)
/bin	(user binaries needed when single-user)
/sbin	(root binaries needed when single-user)
/local	(locally added binaries used only by this machine)
/tmp	(mount point for memory based filesystem)
/dev	(local devices)
/home	(mount point for AMD)
/var	(mount point for per-machine variable directories)
/usr	(mount point for multiuser binaries and files)
.TE
.LP
The reorganized
.Pn /usr
filesystem has the following directories:
.TS
lfC l.
/usr/bin	(user binaries)
/usr/contrib	(software contributed to \*(4B)
/usr/games	(binaries for games, score files in \f(CW/var\fP)
/usr/include	(standard include files)
/usr/lib	(lib*.a from old \f(CW/usr/lib\fP)
/usr/libdata	(databases from old \f(CW/usr/lib\fP)
/usr/libexec	(executables from old \f(CW/usr/lib\fP)
/usr/local	(locally added binaries used site-wide)
/usr/old	(deprecated binaries)
/usr/sbin	(root binaries)
/usr/share	(mount point for site-wide shared text)
/usr/src	(mount point for sources)
.TE
.LP
The reorganized
.Pn /usr/share
filesystem has the following directories:
.TS
lfC l.
/usr/share/calendar	(various useful calendar files)
/usr/share/dict	(dictionaries)
/usr/share/doc	(\*(4B manual sources)
/usr/share/games	(games text files)
/usr/share/groff_font	(groff font information)
/usr/share/man	(typeset manual pages)
/usr/share/misc	(dumping ground for random text files)
/usr/share/mk	(templates for \*(4B makefiles)
/usr/share/skel	(template user home directory files)
/usr/share/tmac	(various groff macro packages)
/usr/share/zoneinfo	(information on time zones)
.TE
.LP
The reorganized
.Pn /var
filesystem has the following directories:
.TS
lfC l.
/var/account	(accounting files, formerly \f(CW/usr/adm\fP)
/var/at	(\fIat\fP\|(1) spooling area)
/var/backups	(backups of system files)
/var/crash	(crash dumps)
/var/db	(system-wide databases, e.g. tags)
/var/games	(score files)
/var/log	(log files)
/var/mail	(users mail)
/var/obj	(hierarchy to build \f(CW/usr/src\fP)
/var/preserve	(preserve area for vi)
/var/quotas	(directory to store quota files)
/var/run	(directory to store *.pid files)
/var/rwho	(rwho databases)
/var/spool/ftp	(home directory for anonymous ftp)
/var/spool/mqueue	(sendmail spooling directory)
/var/spool/news	(news spooling area)
/var/spool/output	(printer spooling area)