4.t

早期freebsd实现

each a directory and a password, and putting users who will wish
to share software in the same groups.
.PP
Several guest accounts have been provided on the distribution
system; these accounts are for people at Berkeley,
Bell Laboratories, and others
who have done major work on UNIX in the past.  You can delete these accounts,
or leave them on the system if you expect that these people would have
occasion to login as guests on your system.
.Sh 2 "Site tailoring"
.PP
All programs that require the site's name, or some similar
characteristic, obtain the information through system calls
or from files located in
.Pn /etc .
Aside from parts of the
system related to the network, to tailor the system to your
site you must simply select a site name, then edit the file
.DS
/etc/netstart
.DE
The first lines in
.Pn /etc/netstart
use a variable to set the hostname,
.DS
hostname=\fImysitename\fP
/bin/hostname $hostname
.DE
to define the value returned by the
.Xr gethostname (2)
system call.  If you are running the name server, your site
name should be your fully qualified domain name.  Programs such as
.Xr getty (8),
.Xr mail (1),
.Xr wall (1),
and
.Xr uucp (1)
use this system call so that the binary images are site
independent.
.PP
You will also need to edit
.Pn /etc/netstart
to do the network interface initialization using
.Xr ifconfig (8).
If you are not sure how to do this, see sections 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3.
If you are not running a routing daemon and have
more than one Ethernet in your environment
you will need to set up a default route;
see section 5.4 for details.
Before bringing your system up multiuser,
you should ensure that the networking is properly configured.
The network is started by running
.Pn /etc/netstart .
Once started, you should test connectivity using
.Xr ping (8).
You should first test connectivity to yourself, 
then another host on your Ethernet,
and finally a host on another Ethernet.
The
.Xr netstat (8)
program can be used to inspect and debug
your routes; see section 5.4.
.Sh 2 "Setting up the line printer system"
.PP
The line printer system consists of at least
the following files and commands:
.DS
.TS
l l.
/usr/bin/lpq	spooling queue examination program
/usr/bin/lprm	program to delete jobs from a queue
/usr/bin/lpr	program to enter a job in a printer queue
/etc/printcap	printer configuration and capability database
/usr/sbin/lpd	line printer daemon, scans spooling queues
/usr/sbin/lpc	line printer control program
/etc/hosts.lpd	list of host allowed to use the printers
.TE
.DE
.PP
The file
.Pn /etc/printcap
is a master database describing line
printers directly attached to a machine and, also, printers
accessible across a network.  The manual page
.Xr printcap (5)
describes the format of this database and also
shows the default values for such things as the directory
in which spooling is performed.  The line printer system handles
multiple printers, multiple spooling queues, local and remote
printers, and also printers attached via serial lines that require
line initialization such as the baud rate.  Raster output devices
such as a Varian or Versatec, and laser printers such as an Imagen,
are also supported by the line printer system.
.PP
Remote spooling via the network is handled with two spooling
queues, one on the local machine and one on the remote machine.
When a remote printer job is started with
.Xr lpr ,
the job is queued locally and a daemon process created to oversee the
transfer of the job to the remote machine.  If the destination
machine is unreachable, the job will remain queued until it is
possible to transfer the files to the spooling queue on the
remote machine.  The
.Xr lpq
program shows the contents of spool
queues on both the local and remote machines.
.PP
To configure your line printers, consult the printcap manual page
and the accompanying document, ``4.3BSD Line Printer Spooler Manual'' (SMM:7).
A call to the
.Xr lpd
program should be present in
.Pn /etc/rc .
.Sh 2 "Setting up the mail system"
.PP
The mail system consists of the following commands:
.DS
.TS
l l.
/usr/bin/mail	UCB mail program, described in \fImail\fP\|(1)
/usr/sbin/sendmail	mail routing program
/var/spool/mail	mail spooling directory
/var/spool/secretmail	secure mail directory
/usr/bin/xsend	secure mail sender
/usr/bin/xget	secure mail receiver
/etc/aliases	mail forwarding information
/usr/bin/newaliases	command to rebuild binary forwarding database
/usr/bin/biff	mail notification enabler
/usr/libexec/comsat	mail notification daemon
.TE
.DE
Mail is normally sent and received using the
.Xr mail (1)
command (found in
.Pn /usr/bin/mail ),
which provides a front-end to edit the messages sent
and received, and passes the messages to
.Xr sendmail (8)
for routing.
The routing algorithm uses knowledge of the network name syntax,
aliasing and forwarding information, and network topology, as
defined in the configuration file
.Pn /usr/lib/sendmail.cf ,
to process each piece of mail.
Local mail is delivered by giving it to the program
.Pn /usr/libexec/mail.local
that adds it to the mailboxes in the directory
.Pn /var/spool/mail/<username> ,
using a locking protocol to avoid problems with simultaneous updates.
After the mail is delivered, the local mail delivery daemon
.Pn /usr/libexec/comsat
is notified, which in turn notifies users who have issued a
``\fIbiff\fP y'' command that mail has arrived.
.PP
Mail queued in the directory
.Pn /var/spool/mail
is normally readable only by the recipient.
To send mail that is secure against perusal
(except by a code-breaker) you should use the secret mail facility,
which encrypts the mail.
.PP
To set up the mail facility you should read the instructions in the
file READ_ME in the directory
.Pn /usr/src/usr.sbin/sendmail
and then adjust the necessary configuration files.
You should also set up the file
.Pn /etc/aliases
for your installation, creating mail groups as appropriate.
For more informations see
``Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide'' (SMM:8) and
``Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router'' (SMM:9).
.Sh 3 "Setting up a UUCP connection"
.LP
The version of
.Xr uucp
included in \*(4B has the following features:
.IP \(bu 3
support for many auto call units and dialers
in addition to the DEC DN11,
.IP \(bu 3
breakup of the spooling area into multiple subdirectories,
.IP \(bu 3
addition of an
.Pn L.cmds
file to control the set
of commands that may be executed by a remote site,
.IP \(bu 3
enhanced ``expect-send'' sequence capabilities when
logging in to a remote site,
.IP \(bu 3
new commands to be used in polling sites and
obtaining snap shots of
.Xr uucp
activity,
.IP \(bu 3
additional protocols for different communication media.
.LP
This section gives a brief overview of
.Xr uucp
and points out the most important steps in its installation.
.PP
To connect two UNIX machines with a
.Xr uucp
network link using modems,
one site must have an automatic call unit
and the other must have a dialup port.
It is better if both sites have both.
.PP
You should first read the paper in the UNIX System Manager's Manual:
``Uucp Implementation Description'' (SMM:14).
It describes in detail the file formats and conventions,
and will give you a little context.
In addition,
the document ``setup.tblms'',
located in the directory
.Pn /usr/src/usr.bin/uucp/UUAIDS ,
may be of use in tailoring the software to your needs.
.PP
The
.Xr uucp
support is located in three major directories:
.Pn /usr/bin,
.Pn /usr/lib/uucp,
and
.Pn /var/spool/uucp .
User commands are kept in
.Pn /usr/bin,
operational commands in
.Pn /usr/lib/uucp ,
and
.Pn /var/spool/uucp
is used as a spooling area.
The commands in
.Pn /usr/bin
are:
.DS
.TS
l l.
/usr/bin/uucp	file-copy command
/usr/bin/uux	remote execution command
/usr/bin/uusend	binary file transfer using mail
/usr/bin/uuencode	binary file encoder (for \fIuusend\fP)
/usr/bin/uudecode	binary file decoder (for \fIuusend\fP)
/usr/bin/uulog	scans session log files
/usr/bin/uusnap	gives a snap-shot of \fIuucp\fP activity
/usr/bin/uupoll	polls remote system until an answer is received
/usr/bin/uuname	prints a list of known uucp hosts
/usr/bin/uuq	gives information about the queue
.TE
.DE
The important files and commands in
.Pn /usr/lib/uucp
are:
.DS
.TS
l l.
/usr/lib/uucp/L-devices	list of dialers and hard-wired lines
/usr/lib/uucp/L-dialcodes	dialcode abbreviations
/usr/lib/uucp/L.aliases	hostname aliases
/usr/lib/uucp/L.cmds	commands remote sites may execute
/usr/lib/uucp/L.sys	systems to communicate with, how to connect, and when
/usr/lib/uucp/SEQF	sequence numbering control file
/usr/lib/uucp/USERFILE	remote site pathname access specifications
/usr/lib/uucp/uucico	\fIuucp\fP protocol daemon
/usr/lib/uucp/uuclean	cleans up garbage files in spool area
/usr/lib/uucp/uuxqt	\fIuucp\fP remote execution server
.TE
.DE
while the spooling area contains the following important files and directories:
.DS
.TS
l l.
/var/spool/uucp/C.	directory for command, ``C.'' files
/var/spool/uucp/D.	directory for data, ``D.'', files
/var/spool/uucp/X.	directory for command execution, ``X.'', files
/var/spool/uucp/D.\fImachine\fP	directory for local ``D.'' files
/var/spool/uucp/D.\fImachine\fPX	directory for local ``X.'' files
/var/spool/uucp/TM.	directory for temporary, ``TM.'', files
/var/spool/uucp/LOGFILE	log file of \fIuucp\fP activity
/var/spool/uucp/SYSLOG	log file of \fIuucp\fP file transfers
.TE
.DE
.PP
To install
.Xr uucp
on your system,
start by selecting a site name
(shorter than 14 characters). 
A
.Xr uucp
account must be created in the password file and a password set up.
Then,
create the appropriate spooling directories with mode 755
and owned by user
.Xr uucp ,
group \fIdaemon\fP.
.PP
If you have an auto-call unit,
the L.sys, L-dialcodes, and L-devices files should be created.
The L.sys file should contain
the phone numbers and login sequences
required to establish a connection with a
.Xr uucp
daemon on another machine.
For example, our L.sys file looks something like:
.DS
adiron Any ACU 1200 out0123456789- ogin-EOT-ogin uucp
cbosg Never Slave 300
cbosgd Never Slave 300
chico Never Slave 1200 out2010123456
.DE
The first field is the name of a site,
the second shows when the machine may be called,
the third field specifies how the host is connected
(through an ACU, a hard-wired line, etc.),
then comes the phone number to use in connecting through an auto-call unit,
and finally a login sequence.
The phone number
may contain common abbreviations that are defined in the L-dialcodes file.
The device specification should refer to devices
specified in the L-devices file.
Listing only ACU causes the
.Xr uucp
daemon,
.Xr uucico ,
to search for any available auto-call unit in L-devices.
Our L-dialcodes file is of the form:
.DS
ucb 2
out 9%
.DE
while our L-devices file is:
.DS
ACU cul0 unused 1200 ventel
.DE
Refer to the README file in the
.Xr uucp
source directory for more information about installation.
.PP
As
.Xr uucp
operates it creates (and removes) many small
files in the directories underneath
.Pn /var/spool/uucp .
Sometimes files are left undeleted;
these are most easily purged with the
.Xr uuclean
program.
The log files can grow without bound unless trimmed back;
.Xr uulog
maintains these files.
Many useful aids in maintaining your
.Xr uucp
installation are included in a subdirectory UUAIDS beneath
.Pn /usr/src/usr.bin/uucp .
Peruse this directory and read the ``setup'' instructions also located there.