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nmap 192.168.0.5<br>
<br>
<br>
稍后会显示如下内容：<br>
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Starting nmap V. 2.54BETA22 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ )<br>
Interesting ports on www.somewhere.net (192.168.0.5):<br>
(The 1537 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)<br>
Port State Service<br>
80/tcp open http <br>
135/tcp open loc-srv <br>
139/tcp open netbios-ssn <br>
443/tcp open https <br>
1031/tcp open iad2 <br>
1433/tcp open ms-sql-s <br>
Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0 seconds<br>
<br>
<br>
由上可以断定，这是一台运行Windows操作系统的主机，因为它开启了MS SQL Server的专用端口1433，还提供了HTTP服务等。这些信息如果被不怀好意的人得到，就可以采用对应的攻击办法。其实，强大的Nmap本身就可以依据TCP/IP的指纹特征猜测对方使用的操作系统。我们可以用-O来开启这一选项：<br>
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nmap -O 192.168.0.5<br>
<br>
<br>
得到的结果是：<br>
<br>
Starting nmap V. 2.54BETA22 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ )<br>
Interesting ports on www.somewhere.net (192.168.0.5):<br>
(The 1536 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: closed)<br>
Port State Service<br>
80/tcp open http <br>
135/tcp open loc-srv <br>
139/tcp open netbios-ssn <br>
443/tcp open https <br>
1032/tcp open iad3 <br>
1433/tcp open ms-sql-s <br>
Remote operating system guess: Microsoft NT 4.0 Server SP5 + 2047 Hotfixes<br>
Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2 seconds<br>
<br>
<br>
它猜测的远程主机类型是Microsoft NT 4.0 Server SP5 + 2047 Hotfixes，并且相当准确和详尽。<br>
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Netstat<br>
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<br>
Netstat主要用于linux/Unix主机察看自身的网络状况，如开启的端口、在为哪些用户服务以及服务的状态等等。此外，它还显示系统路由表、网络接口状态等。可以说，它是一个综合性的网络状态察看工具，不过中规中举。<br>
<br>
例如在一台普通linux服务器上运行Netstat，显示可能像这样：<br>
<br>
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)<br>
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State <br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net.http-alt xxx.net:1209 ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net.http-alt xxx.net:1509 ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net.ssh whoami.net:1867 ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net:1209 xxx.net.http-alt ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net:1509 xxx.net.http-alt ESTABLISHED<br>
<br>
Active UNIX domain sockets (w/o servers)<br>
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path<br>
unix 8 [ ] DGRAM 858 /dev/log<br>
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 190986<br>
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 190051<br>
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1252 <br>
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1233 <br>
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 1049 <br>
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 867 <br>
unix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 507<br>
<br>
<br>
下半部分被称作Unix域套接口，通常不必在意。有用的是上半部被称为有源TCP连接的部分，它显示了当前所有已建立的连接。由此不难看出，当前这台服务器与主机myself.net有一些处于半关闭状态的HTTP连接，还与主机whoami.net有一个SSH连接。<br>
<br>
在默认情况下，Netstat只显示已建立连接的端口。要显示处于监听状态的所有端口，使用-a参数即可：<br>
<br>
Active Internet connections (w/o servers)<br>
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State <br>
tcp 0 0 *:http-alt *:* LISTEN <br>
tcp 0 0 *:8009 *:* LISTEN <br>
tcp 0 0 *:mysql *:* LISTEN <br>
tcp 0 0 *:netbios-ssn *:* LISTEN <br>
tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN <br>
tcp 0 0 *:ftp *:* LISTEN <br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net.http-alt xxx.net:1209 ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net.http-alt xxx.net:1509 ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net.ssh myself.net:1867 ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net:1209 xxx.net.http-alt ESTABLISHED<br>
tcp 0 0 xxx.net:1509 xxx.net.http-alt ESTABLISHED<br>
……<br>
<br>
<br>
这样，当前正在监听但并未建立连接的端口也可以显示了出来。由此不难看出，这台服务器同时提供HTTP、FTP、SSH、NMBD及一个MySQL数据库服务。<br>
<br>
Netstat还可以方便地代替route命令显示当前核心路由表：<br>
<br>
netstat -r<br>
Kernel IP routing table<br>
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface<br>
218.208.80.176 * 255.255.255.248 U 40 0 0 eth1<br>
192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 40 0 0 eth0<br>
127.0.0.0 * 255.0.0.0 U 40 0 0 lo<br>
default x.x.x.x 0.0.0.0 UG 40 0 0 eth1<br>
<br>
<br>
以上结果与route显示完全一样。<br>
<br>
此外，它还可以代替ifconfig显示网络接口状态：<br>
<br>
netstat -i<br>
Kernel Interface table<br>
Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg<br>
eth0 1500 0 3441803 0 0 0 3717339 0 0 0 BMRU<br>
eth0: 1500 0 - no statistics available - BMRU<br>
eth0: 1500 0 - no statistics available - BMRU<br>
eth1 1500 0 1770949 0 0 0 1496183 0 0 0 BMRU<br>
lo 16436 0 38255 0 0 0 38255 0 0 0 LRU<br>
<br>
<br>
以上这些表明，利用网络分析工具了解网络的状况非常简单，几乎不费什么力气就可以获取很多有用的数据。<br>
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