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<p><FONT class=normalfont><B><font color=blue>Linux下的各种备份方法汇总</font></B></FONT><BR><FONT class=smallfont color=#ff9900>2004-04-23 15:18 pm</FONT><BR><FONT class=normalfont>作者:吴阿亭<br>来自:Linux知识宝库<br>联系方式:无名<br><br>一. 在单个服务器上的备份 <br>
最常见的备份方法是在命令行上用经典的备份程序tar .是最通用最简单也最有用的备份工具 <br>
# tar cvf  backup.tar /etc (备份整个etc 目录及下面的所有子目录和文件) <br>
#gzip -9 backup.tar  (得到最大的压缩率) <br>
<br>
你可以把备份后的backup.tar.gz转存到其它介质,CDR/CDRW光盘,私人信箱等 <br>
<br>
二. 跨服务器的备份 <br>
1. 利用ssh/scp功能直接把文件或目录从一台服务器拷贝到另一台服务器上。 <br>
参见文章荟萃中另一篇文章《如何不用密码进行ssh/scp》 <br>
2. 利用smbmount先mount另一台服务器上的Samba共享目录到这台机器的某目录下,直接进行cp操作。 <br>
 如:[root@sh/mnt]# smbmount //sh3/pub /mnt/sh3 -N <br>
将服务器sh3上的Samba共享目录pub mount到服务器sh上的/mnt/sh3目录下面。且不提示密码 <br>
3.  利用NFS功能进行服务器间的备份,有一定程序的安全性问题,在此不多做介绍。 <br>
<br>
三. 备份到其它介质 <br>
你可以备份到磁带,ZIP drive , JAZ drive <br>
1. 备份到磁带 <br>
假设你已经设置并安装好了磁带机,本人用的是HP SuitStore 500,外置,SCSI接口。 <br>
1. 查看磁带中的目录  tar tvf /dev/st0  <br>
2. 查看磁带内容并输出到一个文件中 tar tvf /dev/st0 &gt; stlist  <br>
3.  备份档案  tar cvf /dev/st0 /etc  <br>
 tar cvf /dev/st0 /etc/hosts /boot /etc/smb.conf  <br>
4. 按指定的文件内容或目录释放出磁带中的相应文件 <br>
tar -T stlist -xvf /dev/st0  <br>
 tar xvfz /dev/st0 /etc/  <br>
6. 附加个别文件到磁带后面 <br>
 tar -r /etc/hosts /etc/passwd -vf /dev/st0  <br>
7. 从现有磁带中删除一个或几个文件 <br>
 tar --delete etc/hosts -vf /dev/st0  <br>
8. 附加一个现有的tar文档到磁带后面  <br>
 tar -A pamd.tar -vf /dev/st0 <br>
2. 备份到JAZ 驱动器 <br>
7.3 Getting a Zip drive to work  <br>
(参见Redhat FAQ: http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/faqs/rhl_general_faq/FAQ.html ) <br>
There are excellent references in the ZIP HOWTOs at http://www.redhat.com/mirrors/LDP.  <br>
<br>
Also, there is a Zip HOWTO at:  <br>
<br>
http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX-3.html <br>
<br>
In Red Hat Linux 6.1, there are a few extra steps needed to get a parallel port Zip drive to work:  <br>
<br>
Edit your /etc/conf.modules and add:  <br>
<br>
        alias parport_lowlevel parport_pc <br>
        alias scsi_hostadapter ppa <br>
         <br>
Then log in as root and run:  <br>
modprobe ppa  <br>
<br>
Some people have had problems if they daisy chain a Zip drive off of a chain with a  <br>
printer on it. Currently, we recommend that you use either the printer or the Zip drive.  <br>
<br>
For more information, check www.torque.net/paraport  <br>
<br>
If you are having problems with an IDE Zip drive, here is further information:  <br>
<br>
First check and make sure there is a disk in the drive. Also, make sure you are mounting <br>
 it as partition 4 instead of 1. An example would be hdc4. The reason for this is that  <br>
the Macintosh uses partition 4 for its data partition and has problems if data is on  <br>
another partition.  <br>
<br>
3备份到 JAZ 驱动器 <br>
假定JAQ驱动器为SCSI接口,把JAZ驱动器当作SCSI链上的一个存储设备即可。 <br>
四. 跨操作系统进行备份 <br>
1. 把Linux服务器上的数据资料备份到windows 95/98机器上 <br>
 假定一台windows机器jephe有一完全读写共享目录 data ,且密码为 secret ,现希望把Linux上的 <br>
文件备份到这个共享目录下,则先把这个共享可写目录mount到Linux下,再做普通的cp操作 <br>
<br>
附:在Linux上对Novell服务器上的数据进行备份:(http://www.pcquest.com/linux/netware.asp)  <br>
NetWare And Linux <br>
<br>
Making your Linux server talk to NetWare servers and printers  <br>
<br>
As almost every office-LAN has a NetWare server, your desktop client must be able to talk <br>
 to NetWare. This article tells you how a Linux box can access files on a Novell server  <br>
and print to a Novell print queue. <br>
<br>
Linux, by default, uses the IP network protocol for network communication. However, Novell  <br>
NetWare uses the IPX network protocol. As the Linux kernel has a completely new network  <br>
implementation compared to other operating systems like Unix, it supports a range of  <br>
non-TCP/IP protocols including the IPX protocol. Kernels 2.x onwards have built-in IPX  <br>
support. The Red Hat Linux distributed on our CD-ROM has it too. The Linux kernel supports <br>
 the IPX protocol only. It does not, yet, support protocols such as IPX/RIP, SAP, or NCP. <br>
<br>
The first step is to configure your IPX interfaces.  <br>
<br>
Login as root  <br>
Type ipx_configure--auto_primary= on --auto_interface=on  <br>
Wait for a minute and type cat /proc/net/ipx_interface. You should see something like:  <br>
Network Node_Address Primary Device Frame_Type <br>
000000E1 00A0C925164A Yes eth0 802.2  <br>
<br>
     4.Type slist. You should see a list of the NetWare servers on your LAN.  <br>
<br>
Known NetWare File Servers Network Node Address <br>
D74_SERVER 00000D74 00000000001 <br>
<br>
If you don't, wait for a few minutes and retry. If the slist command displays a message  <br>
like: ncp_connect: Invalid argument, then your kernel probably does not support IPX.  <br>
Check that you have actually booted off the appropriate kernel. When you boot you should <br>
 see messages about IPX and ncpfs in system startup messages. If the slist command does <br>
 not list all of your fileservers, then you may need to use the manual network configuration  <br>
method. Type cat /proc/net/ipx_interface. You should see something like: <br>
<br>
At this point, your Linux box is setup for IPX networking. Check if your kernel has  <br>
support for NetWare NCP file system. The default Red Hat kernel has NCP file system  <br>
support. You simply have to load the ncpfs module /usr/sbin /lib/modules/2.0.32/fs/ncpfs.0.  <br>
You can also add the line to your local file to load it automatically at the boot time. <br>
<br>
Once that is done, <br>
<br>
Login as root (only root can mount NetWare volumes).  <br>
Type mkdir/netware to create a directory for mounting the NetWare volumes.  <br>
Type ncpmount -S D74_SERVER -U user10 /netware. You will be prompted for a password for user10.  <br>
At this point your server is mounted on /netware. The volumes are sub-directories under <br>
 /netware. So the SYS volume would be /netware/sys and the DATA volume would be /netware/data.  <br>
If you only want to mount a single volume, you can use ncpmount -S D74_SERVER -V sys -U user10  <br>
/netware. This will mount only the SYS volume to /netware.  <br>
When you finish using the Net-Ware volume, you can unmount usingncpumount/netware.  <br>
Tip: You don't need to manually unmount NetWare volumes when you shutdown.  <br>
When you want to share the mounted NetWare volume among other Linux users, you need to  <br>
understand file permissions. The NetWare file system doesn't support user IDs and group  <br>
IDs for directories. So all files and directories on the mounted directory have the  <br>
permissions as the directory where it was mounted. For example, if you type ls -ld/netware,  <br>
drwxrwxr-x 1 root root 512 Nov 24 1960 /netware is what you get. <br>
<br>
So, all the NetWare files will have the above file permissions.  <br>
<br>
If you want non-root users to mount NetWare volumes, ncpmount command must be Set Userid Root,  <br>
so you would need to type chmod 4755 ncpmount <br>
<br>
Simplifying mounting of volumes <br>
<br>
There is another way of configuring NetWare mounts-by creating a .nwclient file in your home  <br>
directory. This file contains details of temporary or user specific NetWare mounts that would  <br>
be performed regularly. It allows you to store the details of mounts so that you can recreate  <br>
them without specifying all details each time. Its format is quite straightforward: <br>
<br>
# The first entry is the 'preferred server' entry and is <br>
# used whenever you do not specify a server explicitly. <br>
# <br>
# User USER01 login to D74_SERVER fileserver with password 'password' D74_SERVER/USER01 password <br>
# <br>
# User CYBER login to the CYBER_DOC fileserver with no password.  <br>
CYBER_DOC/CYBER -  <br>
<br>
To activate these mounts you type ncpmount/netware to mount D74_SERVER with a login (say) TERRY <br>
 under /NetWare directory. Note that this entry was chosen because no fileserver was specified  <br>
in the mount command. Had we used ncpmount -S CYBER_DOC /netware, then it would mount CYBER_DOC  <br>
with a login of CYBER under /NetWare directory.  <br>
<br>
Since the passwords for your Novell accounts are not encrypted, you should protect them by  <br>
typing chmod 0600 $HOME/.nwclient. <br>
<br>
Printing to NetWare print queues <br>
<br>
Once you are comfortable accessing your files, you can try printing to a Novell print queue.  <br>

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