install.texi

gcc库的原代码,对编程有很大帮助.

cross-compilers on the Alpha for 32-bit machines has only been tested in
a few cases and may not work properly.

@code{make compare} may fail on old versions of DEC Unix unless you add
@samp{-save-temps} to @code{CFLAGS}.  On these systems, the name of the
assembler input file is stored in the object file, and that makes
comparison fail if it differs between the @code{stage1} and
@code{stage2} compilations.  The option @samp{-save-temps} forces a
fixed name to be used for the assembler input file, instead of a
randomly chosen name in @file{/tmp}.  Do not add @samp{-save-temps}
unless the comparisons fail without that option.  If you add
@samp{-save-temps}, you will have to manually delete the @samp{.i} and
@samp{.s} files after each series of compilations.

GNU CC now supports both the native (ECOFF) debugging format used by DBX
and GDB and an encapsulated STABS format for use only with GDB.  See the
discussion of the @samp{--with-stabs} option of @file{configure} above
for more information on these formats and how to select them.

There is a bug in DEC's assembler that produces incorrect line numbers
for ECOFF format when the @samp{.align} directive is used.  To work
around this problem, GNU CC will not emit such alignment directives
while writing ECOFF format debugging information even if optimization is
being performed.  Unfortunately, this has the very undesirable
side-effect that code addresses when @samp{-O} is specified are
different depending on whether or not @samp{-g} is also specified.

To avoid this behavior, specify @samp{-gstabs+} and use GDB instead of
DBX.  DEC is now aware of this problem with the assembler and hopes to
provide a fix shortly.

@item arm
Advanced RISC Machines ARM-family processors.  These are often used in
embedded applications.  There are no standard Unix configurations.
This configuration corresponds to the basic instruction sequences and will
produce a.out format object modules.

You may need to make a variant of the file @file{arm.h} for your particular
configuration.

@item arm-*-riscix
The ARM2 or ARM3 processor running RISC iX, Acorn's port of BSD Unix.  If
you are running a version of RISC iX prior to 1.2 then you must specify
the version number during configuration.  Note that the assembler 
shipped with RISC iX does not support stabs debugging information; a
new version of the assembler, with stabs support included, is now
available from Acorn.

@item a29k
AMD Am29k-family processors.  These are normally used in embedded
applications.  There are no standard Unix configurations.
This configuration
corresponds to AMD's standard calling sequence and binary interface
and is compatible with other 29k tools.  

You may need to make a variant of the file @file{a29k.h} for your
particular configuration.

@item a29k-*-bsd
AMD Am29050 used in a system running a variant of BSD Unix.

@item decstation-*
DECstations can support three different personalities: Ultrix,
DEC OSF/1, and OSF/rose.  To configure GCC for these platforms
use the following configurations:

@table @samp
@item decstation-ultrix
Ultrix configuration.

@item decstation-osf1
Dec's version of OSF/1.

@item decstation-osfrose
Open Software Foundation reference port of OSF/1 which uses the
OSF/rose object file format instead of ECOFF.  Normally, you
would not select this configuration.
@end table

The MIPS C compiler needs to be told to increase its table size
for switch statements with the @samp{-Wf,-XNg1500} option in
order to compile @file{cp/parse.c}.  If you use the @samp{-O2}
optimization option, you also need to use @samp{-Olimit 3000}.
Both of these options are automatically generated in the
@file{Makefile} that the shell script @file{configure} builds.
If you override the @code{CC} make variable and use the MIPS
compilers, you may need to add @samp{-Wf,-XNg1500 -Olimit 3000}.

@item elxsi-elxsi-bsd
The Elxsi's C compiler has known limitations that prevent it from
compiling GNU C.  Please contact @code{mrs@@cygnus.com} for more details.

@item dsp16xx
A port to the AT&T DSP1610 family of processors.

@ignore
@item fx80
Alliant FX/8 computer.  Note that the standard installed C compiler in
Concentrix 5.0 has a bug which prevent it from compiling GNU CC
correctly.  You can patch the compiler bug as follows:

@smallexample
cp /bin/pcc ./pcc
adb -w ./pcc - << EOF
15f6?w 6610
EOF
@end smallexample

Then you must use the @samp{-ip12} option when compiling GNU CC
with the patched compiler, as shown here:

@smallexample
make CC="./pcc -ip12" CFLAGS=-w
@end smallexample

Note also that Alliant's version of DBX does not manage to work with the
output from GNU CC.
@end ignore

@item h8300-*-*
The calling convention and structure layout has changed in release 2.6.
All code must be recompiled.  The calling convention now passes the
first three arguments in function calls in registers.  Structures are no
longer a multiple of 2 bytes.
  
@item hppa*-*-*
There are two variants of this CPU, called 1.0 and 1.1, which have
different machine descriptions.  You must use the right one for your
machine.  All 7@var{nn} machines and 8@var{n}7 machines use 1.1, while
all other 8@var{nn} machines use 1.0.

The easiest way to handle this problem is to use @samp{configure
hp@var{nnn}} or @samp{configure hp@var{nnn}-hpux}, where @var{nnn} is
the model number of the machine.  Then @file{configure} will figure out
if the machine is a 1.0 or 1.1.  Use @samp{uname -a} to find out the
model number of your machine.

@samp{-g} does not work on HP-UX, since that system uses a peculiar
debugging format which GNU CC does not know about.  However, @samp{-g}
will work if you also use GAS and GDB in conjunction with GCC.  We
highly recommend using GAS for all HP-PA configurations.

You should be using GAS-2.3 (or later) along with GDB-4.12 (or later).  These
can be retrieved from all the traditional GNU ftp archive sites.  

Build GAS and install the resulting binary as:

@example
/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/@var{configuration}/@var{gccversion}/as
@end example

@noindent
where @var{configuration} is the configuration name (perhaps
@samp{hp@var{nnn}-hpux}) and @var{gccversion} is the GNU CC version
number.  Do this @emph{before} starting the build process, otherwise you will
get errors from the HPUX assembler while building @file{libgcc2.a}.  The
command 

@example
make install-dir
@end example

@noindent
will create the necessary directory hierarchy so you can install GAS before
building GCC.

To enable debugging, configure GNU CC with the @samp{--with-gnu-as} option
before building.

It has been reported that GNU CC produces invalid assembly code for
1.1 machines running HP-UX 8.02 when using the HP assembler.  Typically
the errors look like this:
@example
as: bug.s @@line#15 [err#1060]
  Argument 0 or 2 in FARG upper
         - lookahead = ARGW1=FR,RTNVAL=GR
as: foo.s @@line#28 [err#1060]
  Argument 0 or 2 in FARG upper
         - lookahead = ARGW1=FR
@end example

You can check the version of HP-UX you are running by executing the command
@samp{uname -r}.   If you are indeed running HP-UX 8.02 on a PA and 
using the HP assembler then configure GCC with "hp@var{nnn}-hpux8.02".

@item i370-*-*
This port is very preliminary and has many known bugs.  We hope to
have a higher-quality port for this machine soon.

@item i386-*-linuxoldld
Use this configuration to generate a.out binaries on Linux if you do not
have gas/binutils version 2.5.2 or later installed. This is an obsolete
configuration.

@item i386-*-linuxaout
Use this configuration to generate a.out binaries on Linux. This configuration
is being superseded. You must use gas/binutils version 2.5.2 or
later.

@item i386-*-linux
Use this configuration to generate ELF binaries on Linux.  You must 
use gas/binutils version 2.5.2 or later.

@item i386-*-sco
Compilation with RCC is recommended.  Also, it may be a good idea to
link with GNU malloc instead of the malloc that comes with the system.

@item i386-*-sco3.2v4
Use this configuration for SCO release 3.2 version 4.

@item i386-*-isc
It may be a good idea to link with GNU malloc instead of the malloc that
comes with the system.

In ISC version 4.1, @file{sed} core dumps when building
@file{deduced.h}.  Use the version of @file{sed} from version 4.0.

@item i386-*-esix
It may be good idea to link with GNU malloc instead of the malloc that
comes with the system.

@item i386-ibm-aix
You need to use GAS version 2.1 or later, and and LD from
GNU binutils version 2.2 or later.

@item i386-sequent-bsd
Go to the Berkeley universe before compiling.  In addition, you probably
need to create a file named @file{string.h} containing just one line:
@samp{#include <strings.h>}.

@item i386-sequent-ptx1*
Sequent DYNIX/ptx 1.x.

@item i386-sequent-ptx2*
Sequent DYNIX/ptx 2.x.

@item i386-sun-sunos4
You may find that you need another version of GNU CC to begin
bootstrapping with, since the current version when built with the
system's own compiler seems to get an infinite loop compiling part of
@file{libgcc2.c}.  GNU CC version 2 compiled with GNU CC (any version)
seems not to have this problem.

See @ref{Sun Install}, for information on installing GNU CC on Sun
systems.

@item i[345]86-*-winnt3.5
This version requires a GAS that has not let been released.  Until it
is, you can get a prebuilt binary version via anonymous ftp from
@file{cs.washington.edu:pub/gnat} or @file{cs.nyu.edu:pub/gnat}. You
must also use the Microsoft header files from the Windows NT 3.5 SDK.
Find these on the CDROM in the @file{/mstools/h} directory dated 9/4/94.  You
must use a fixed version of Microsoft linker made especially for NT 3.5,
which is also is available on the NT 3.5 SDK CDROM.  If you do not have
this linker, can you also use the linker from Visual C/C++ 1.0 or 2.0.

Installing GNU CC for NT builds a wrapper linker, called @file{ld.exe},
which mimics the behaviour of Unix @file{ld} in the specification of
libraries (@samp{-L} and @samp{-l}).  @file{ld.exe} looks for both Unix
and Microsoft named libraries.  For example, if you specify
@samp{-lfoo}, @file{ld.exe} will look first for @file{libfoo.a}
and then for @file{foo.lib}.

You may install GNU CC for Windows NT in one of two ways, depending on
whether or not you have a Unix-like shell and various Unix-like
utilities.

@enumerate
@item
If you do not have a Unix-like shell and few Unix-like utilities, you
will use a DOS style batch script called @file{configure.bat}.  Invoke
it as @code{configure winnt} from an MSDOS console window or from the
program manager dialog box.  @file{configure.bat} assumes you have
already installed and have in your path a Unix-like @file{sed} program
which is used to create a working @file{Makefile} from @file{Makefile.in}.

@file{Makefile} uses the Microsoft Nmake program maintenance utility and
the Visual C/C++ V8.00 compiler to build GNU CC.  You need only have the
utilities @file{sed} and @file{touch} to use this installation method,
which only automatically builds the compiler itself.  You must then
examine what @file{fixinc.winnt} does, edit the header files by hand and
build @file{libgcc.a} manually.

@item
The second type of installation assumes you are running a Unix-like
shell, have a complete suite of Unix-like utilities in your path, and
have a previous version of GNU CC already installed, either through
building it via the above installation method or acquiring a pre-built
binary.  In this case, use the @file{configure} script in the normal
fashion.
@end enumerate

@item i860-intel-osf1
This is the Paragon.
@ifset INSTALLONLY
If you have version 1.0 of the operating system, you need to take
special steps to build GNU CC due to peculiarities of the system.  Newer
system versions have no problem.  See the section `Installation Problems'
in the GNU CC Manual.
@end ifset
@ifclear INSTALLONLY
If you have version 1.0 of the operating system,
see @ref{Installation Problems}, for special things you need to do to
compensate for peculiarities in the system.
@end ifclear

@item *-lynx-lynxos
LynxOS 2.2 and earlier comes with GNU CC 1.x already installed as
@file{/bin/gcc}.  You should compile with this instead of @file{/bin/cc}.
You can tell GNU CC to use the GNU assembler and linker, by specifying
@samp{--with-gnu-as --with-gnu-ld} when configuring.  These will produce
COFF format object files and executables;  otherwise GNU CC will use the
installed tools, which produce a.out format executables.

@item m68000-hp-bsd
HP 9000 series 200 running BSD.  Note that the C compiler that comes
with this system cannot compile GNU CC; contact @code{law@@cs.utah.edu}
to get binaries of GNU CC for bootstrapping.

@item m68k-altos
Altos 3068.  You must use the GNU assembler, linker and debugger.
Also, you must fix a kernel bug.  Details in the file @file{README.ALTOS}.

@item m68k-att-sysv
AT&T 3b1, a.k.a. 7300 PC.  Special procedures are needed to compile GNU
CC with this machine's standard C compiler, due to bugs in that
compiler.  You can bootstrap it more easily with