orders

gcc库的原代码,对编程有很大帮助.

     history heuristic (another form of the earlier killer heuristic),
     caching of static evaluations, & a database which lets it play the first
     several moves of the game quickly.	  Recent improvements include better
     heuristics, faster evaluation, thinking on opponent's time, a perfect
     King and Pawn vs King endgame routine, Swedish & German language
     support, support for more book formats, a rudimentary Bobby Fischer
     clock, & bug fixes.   It is primarily supported by Stuart Cracraft, Chua
     Kong Sian, & Tim Mann on behalf of the FSF.

   * CLISP	   (LspEmcT, SrcCD)

     CLISP is a Common Lisp implementation by Bruno Haible and Michael Stoll.
     It mostly supports the Lisp described by `Common LISP: The Language (2nd
     edition)' and the ANSI Common Lisp standard.  CLISP includes an
     interpreter, a byte-compiler, a large subset of CLOS, a foreign language
     interface and, for some machines, a screen editor.	 The user interface
     language (English, German, French) is chooseable at run time.  Major
     packages that run in CLISP include CLX & Garnet.  CLISP needs only 2 MB
     of memory & runs on many microcomputers (including MS-DOS systems, OS/2,
     the Atari ST, Amiga 500-4000, Acorn RISC PC) & Unix-like systems
     (GNU/Linux, Sun4, SVR4, SGI, HP-UX, DEC Alpha, NeXTstep & others).

   * GNU Common Lisp	     (LspEmcT, SrcCD)

     GNU Common Lisp (GCL) has a compiler and interpreter for Common Lisp.  It
     used to be known as Kyoto Common Lisp.  It is very portable and extremely
     efficient on a wide class of applications.	 It compares favorably in
     performance with commercial Lisps on several large theorem-prover and
     symbolic algebra systems.	It supports the CLtL1 specification but is
     moving towards the proposed ANSI definition.   GCL compiles to C and
     then uses the native optimizing C compilers (e.g., GCC).  A function
     with a fixed number of args and one value turns into a C function of the
     same number of args, returning one value, so GCL is maximally efficient
     on such calls.  It has a conservative garbage collector which allows
     great freedom for the C compiler to put Lisp values in arbitrary
     registers.	 It has a source level Lisp debugger for interpreted code,
     with display of source code in an Emacs window.  Ita profiling tools
     (based on the C profiling tools) count function calls and the time spent
     in each function.	CLX works with GCL.

     There is now a builtin interface with the TK widget system.  It runs in
     a separate process so that users may monitor progress on lisp
     computations, or interact with running computations via a windowing
     interface.

     There is also an Xlib interface via C (xgcl-2).  PCL runs with GCL (see
     PCL item later in this article).  *Note Forthcoming GNUs::, for plans for
     about GCL, or for recent developments.   GCL version 2.0 is released
     under the GNU Library General Public License.

   * `cpio'	    (DjgppD, DosCD, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)

     `cpio' is an alternative archive program with all the features of SVR4
     `cpio', including support for the final POSIX 1003.1 `ustar' standard.
     `mt', a program to position magnetic tapes, is included with `cpio'.

   * CVS	 (SrcCD, UtilT)

     CVS, the Concurrent Version System, manages software revision and release
     control in a multi-developer, multi-directory, multi-group environment.
     It works best in conjunction with RCS versions 4 and above, but will
     parse older RCS formats with the loss of CVS's fancier features.  See
     Berliner, Brian, "CVS-II: Parallelizing Software Development,"
     `Proceedings of the Winter 1990 USENIX Association Conference'.  To find
     out how to get a copy of this report, contact `[e-mail]'.

   * DejaGnu	     (LangT, SrcCD)

     DejaGnu is a framework for testing other programs that provides a single
     front end for all tests.  The framework's flexibility and consistency
     makes it easy to write tests for any program.  DejaGnu comes with
     `expect', which runs scripts to conduct dialogs with programs.

   * Diffutils	       (DjgppD, DosCD, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)

     GNU `diff' compares files showing line-by-line changes in several
     flexible formats.	It is much faster than traditional Unix versions.  The
     Diffutils package contains `diff', `diff3', `sdiff', and `cmp'.

     Recent Diffutils improvements include more consistent handling of
     character sets, and a new `diff' option to do all input/output in
     binary; this is useful on some non-Posix hosts.

     Plans for the Diffutils package include support for internationalization
     (e.g., error messages in Chinese), and for some non-Unix PC environments.

   * DJGPP	   (BinCD, DjgppD, DosCD)

     DJ Delorie has ported GCC/G++ 2.6.0 (see the GCC item in this section)
     to the i386 MS-DOS platform.  The DJGPP package also contains a 32-bit
     80386 DOS extender with symbolic debugger; development libraries; and
     ports of Bison, `flex', GAS, and the GNU Binutils.	 Full source code is
     provided.	It requires at least 5MB of hard disk space to install and
     512K of RAM to use.  It supports SVGA (up to 1024x768), XMS & VDISK
     memory allocation, `himem.sys', VCPI (e.g., QEMM, DESQview, & 386MAX),
     and DPMI (e.g., Windows 3.x, OS/2, QEMM, & QDPMI).	  Ask
     `[e-mail]' to join a DJGPP users mailing list.

   * `dld'	   (LangT, SrcCD)

     `dld' is a dynamic linker written by W. Wilson Ho.	 Linking your program
     with the `dld' library allows you to dynamically load object files into
     the running binary.  Currently supported are VAX (Ultrix), Sun 3 (SunOS
     3.4 & 4.0), SPARC (SunOS 4.0), Sequent Symmetry (Dynix), & Atari ST.

   * `doschk'	      (DjgppD, DosCD, SrcCD, UtilT)

     This program is intended as a utility to help software developers ensure
     that their source file names are distinguishable on System V platforms
     with 14-character filenames and on MS-DOS with 8+3 character filenames.

   * `ecc'	   (SrcCD, UtilT)

     `ecc' is a Reed-Solomon error correction checking program, which can
     correct three byte errors in a block of 255 bytes and detect more severe
     errors.  Contact `[e-mail]' for more information.

   * `ed'	  (SrcCD, UtilT)

     Ed is the standard text editor.

   * Elib	  (LspEmcT, SrcCD)

     Elib is a small library of Emacs Lisp functions, including routines for
     using AVL trees and doubly-linked lists.

   * GNU Emacs

     In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs, an extensible,
     customizable real-time display editor and computing environment.  GNU
     Emacs is his second implementation.  It offers true Lisp--smoothly
     integrated into the editor--for writing extensions, and provides an
     interface to the X Window System.	It also runs on MS-DOS and Windows
     NT.  In addition to its powerful native command set, Emacs has
     extensions which emulate the editors vi and EDT (DEC's VMS editor).
     Emacs has many other features which make it a full computing support
     environment.  Our long term plan is now to move it in the direction of a
     WYSIWYG word processor and make it easy for beginners to use.  Source
     for the `GNU Emacs Manual', `Programming in Emacs Lisp, An
     Introduction', the `GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual', and a reference
     card come with the software.  *Note Documentation::.

   * GNU Emacs 18	  (EmcsD, LspEmcT, SrcCD, VMSEmcsT)

     GNU Emacs 18.59 is the last release of version 18 from the FSF.  We are
     no longer maintaining it.	It runs on many Unix systems.  In hardware
     order: Alliant FX/80 & FX/2800, Altos 3068, Amdahl (UTS), Apollo, AT&T
     (3Bs & 7300 PC), DG Aviion, Bull DPX/2 (2nn & 3nn) CCI 5/32 & 6/32,
     Celerity, Convex, Digital (DECstation 3100 & 5000 (PMAXes), Mips, VAX
     (BSD, SysV & VMS)), Motorola Delta 147 & 187, Dual, Elxsi 6400, Encore
     (DPC, APC & XPC), Gould, HP (9000 series 200, 300, 700 & 800, but not
     500), HLH Orion (original & 1/05), IBM (RS/6000 (AIX), RT/PC (4.2 & AIX)
     & PS/2 (AIX (386 only))), ISI (Optimum V, 80386), Intel 860 & 80386
     (BSD, Esix, SVR3, SVR4, SCO, ISC, IX, AIX & others), Iris (2500, 2500
     Turbo & 4D), Masscomp, MIPS, National Semiconductor 32000, NeXT (Mach),
     NCR Tower 32 (SVR2 & SVR3), Nixdorf Targon 31, Nu (TI & LMI), pfa50,
     Plexus, Prime EXL, Pyramid (original & MIPS), Sequent (Balance &
     Symmetry), SONY News (m68k & MIPS), Stride (system release 2), all Suns
     including 386i (all SunOS & some Solaris vers.), Tadpole, Tahoe, Tandem
     Integrity S2, Tektronix (16000 & 4300), Triton 88, Ustation E30 (SS5E),
     Whitechapel (MG1) & Wicat.

     In operating system order: AIX (RS/6000, RT/PC, 386-PS/2), BSD (vers.
     4.1, 4.2, 4.3), DomainOS, Esix (386), HP-UX (HP 9000 series 200, 300,
     700, 800 but not 500), ISC (386), IX (386), Mach, Microport, NewsOS
     (Sony m68k & MIPS) SCO (386), SVR0 (Vax, AT&T 3Bs), SVR2, SVR3, SVR4,
     Solaris 2.0, SunOS, UTS (Amdahl), Ultrix (vers. 3.0, 4,1), Uniplus 5.2
     (Dual machines), VMS (vers. 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 5.5) & Xenix (386).

   * GNU Emacs 19	  (DosCD, EmacsD, LspEmcT, SrcCD)

     Emacs 19 works with character-only terminals as well as with the X
     Window System (with or without the X toolkit); New features in Emacs 19
     include: multiple X windows ("frames" to Emacs), with either a separate
     X window for the minibuffer or a minibuffer attached to each X window;
     property lists associated with regions of text in a buffer; multiple
     fonts and colors defined by those properties; simplified and improved
     processing of function keys, mouse clicks and mouse movement; X
     selection processing, including clipboard selections; hooks to be run if
     point or mouse moves outside a certain range; menu bars and popup menus
     defined by keymaps; scrollbars; before and after change hooks;
     source-level debugging of Emacs Lisp programs; European character sets
     support; floating point numbers; improved buffer allocation, including
     returning storage to the system when a buffer is killed; interfacing
     with the X resource manager; GNU configuration scheme support; good RCS
     support; & many updated libraries.

     Recent features include support for Motif widgets as well as the Athena
     widgets, displaying multiple views of an outline at the same time,
     version control support for CVS and for multiple branches, ability to
     open frames on more than one X display from a single Emacs job,
     operation on MS-DOS and MS Windows, commands to edit text properties,
     text properties for formatting text, the ability to save text properties
     in files, & GNU-standard long named command line options.

     Emacs 19.29 is believed to work on, in hardware order: Acorn Risc
     machine (RISCiX); Alliant FX/2800 (BSD); Alpha (OSF/1); Apollo
     (DomainOS); Bull DPX/2 2nn & 3nn (SysV.3) & sps7 (SysV.2); Clipper;
     Convex (BSD); Cubix QBx (SysV); Data General Aviion (DGUX); DEC MIPS
     (Ultrix 4.2 & OSF/1, not VMS); Elxsi 6400 (SysV); Gould Power Node & NP1
     (4.2 & 4.3BSD); Harris Night Hawk 1200 and 3000, 4000 and 5000 (cxux);
     Honeywell XPS100 (SysV); HP 9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800 (but not 500)
     (4.3BSD or HP-UX 7, 8, 9); Intel i386, i486 and Pentium (386BSD, AIX,
     BSDI/386, FreeBSD, Esix, GNU/Linux, ISC, MS-DOS (*note MS-DOS
     Diskettes::. & *Note MS-DOS CD-ROM::),  NetBSD, SCO3.2v4, SysV, Xenix,
     WindowsNT); IBM RS6000 (AIX 3.2); IBM RT/PC (AIX or BSD); Motorola Delta
     147 & 187 (SysV.3, SysV.4, & m88kbcs); National Semiconductor 32K
     (Genix); NeXT (BSD or Mach 2 w/ NeXTStep 3.0); Paragon (OSF/1); Prime
     EXL (SysV); Pyramid (BSD); Sequent Symmetry (BSD, ptx); Siemens RM400
     and RM600 (SysV); SGI Iris 4D (Irix 4.x & 5.x); Sony News/RISC (NewsOS);
     Stardent i860 (SysV); Sun 3 & 4, SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10 & Classic (SunOS
     4.0, 4.1, Solaris 2.0-2.3); Tadpole 68k (SysV); Tektronix XD88 (SysV.3)
     & 4300 (BSD); & Titan P2 & P3 (SysV).

     In operating system order: AIX (i386, RS6000, RT/PC); 4.1, 4.2, 4.3BSD
     (i386, i860, Convex, Gould Power Node & NP1, HP9000 series 300, NeXT,
     Pyramid, Symmetry, Tektronix 4300, RT/PC); DG/UX (Aviion);
     DomainOS(Apollo); Esix (i386); FreeBSD (i386); Genix (ns32k); GNU/Linux
     (i386); HP-UX 7, 8, 9 (HP 9000 series 200, 300, 700, 800, but not 500);
     Irix 4 & 5 (Iris 4D); ISC (i386); Mach 2 & 3 (i386, NeXT); MS-DOS (*note
     MS-DOS Diskettes::. & *Note MS-DOS CD-ROM::); NetBSD (i386, HP9000
     series 300); OSF/1 (Alpha, Paragon); RISCiX (Acorn); SCO 3.2v4 (i386);
     SysV (Cubix QBx, Elxsi 6400, Honeywell XPS100, Intel i386, Prime EXL,
     Siemens RM400 and RM600, Stardent, Tadpole 68k, Titan P2 & P3); SysV.2
     (Bull sps7); SysV.3 (Bull DPX/2 2nn & 3nn, Motorola Delta 147 & 187,
     Tektronix XD88); SysV.4 (Motorola Delta 147 & 187, Stardent i860);
     Solaris 2 (SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10, Classic); SunOS 4.0, 4.1 (Sun 3 & 4,
     SPARC 1, 1+, 2, 10 & Classic); Ultrix 4.2 (DEC MIPS); Windows NT; &
     Xenix (i386).

     Other configurations supported by Emacs 18 should work with few changes
     in Emacs 19; as users tell us more about their experiences with different
     systems, we will augment the list.	 Also see *Note Forthcoming GNUs::.

   * `es'	  (SrcCD, UtilT)

     `es' is an extensible shell based on `rc' with first class functions,
     lexical scope, exceptions, and rich return values (i.e., functions can
     return values other than just numbers).  `es''s extensibility comes from
     the ability to modify and extend the shell's builtin services, such as
     path searching and redirection.  Like `rc', it is great for both
     interactive use and for scripting, particularly since its quoting rules
     are much less baroque than the C or Bourne shells.

   * `f2c'	   (LangT, SrcCD)

     `f2c' converts Fortran-77 source files into C or C++, which can be
     compiled with GCC.	 You can get bug fixes by FTP from site
     `netlib.att.com' or by email from `[e-mail]'.  The fixes
     are summarized in the file `/netlib/f2c/changes.Z'.  *Note Forthcoming
     GNUs::, for information about GNU Fortran.

   * Fileutils	       (DjgppD, DosCD, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)

     The fileutils work on files: `chgrp', `chmod', `chown', `cp', `dd', `df',
     `dir', `du', `install', `ln', `ls', `mkdir', `mkfifo', `mknod', `mv',
     `mvdir', `rm', `rmdir', `sync', `touch', & `vdir'.	 Only some of these
     are on the *Note Selected Utilities Diskettes::.

   * Findutils	       (DjgppD, DosCD, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)

     `find' is frequently used both interactively and in shell scripts to
     find files which match certain criteria and perform arbitrary operations
     on them.  Also included are `xargs', which applies a command to a list
     of files, and `locate', which scans a database for file names that match
     a pattern.

   * Finger	    (SrcCD, UtilT)

     GNU Finger has more features than other finger programs.  For sites with
     many hosts, a single host may be designated as the finger "server" host,
     and other hosts at that site configured as finger "clients".  The server
     host collects information about who is logged in to the clients.  To