orders

gcc库的原代码,对编程有很大帮助.

The `GAWK Manual' (Edition 0.16 for Version 2.16) tells how to use the GNU
implementation of `awk'.  It is written for those who have never used `awk'
and describes the features of this powerful string and record manipulation
language.

The `Make Manual' (Edition 0.46 for Version 3.72) describes GNU `make', a
program used to rebuild parts of other programs.  The manual tells how to
write "makefiles", which specify how a program is to be compiled and how its
files depend on each other.  Included are an introductory chapter for novice
users and a section about automatically generated dependencies.

The `Flex Manual' (Edition 1.03 for Version 2.3.7) teaches you to write a
lexical scanner definition for the `flex' program to create a C++ or C-coded
scanner that recognizes the patterns defined.  You need no prior knowledge of
scanners.

The `Bison Manual' (December 1993 Edition for Version 1.23) teaches you how
to write context-free grammars for the Bison program that convert into
C-coded parsers.  You need no prior knowledge of parser generators.

`Using and Porting GNU CC' (September 1994 Edition for Version 2.6) tells how
to run, install, and port the GNU C Compiler to new systems.  It lists new
features and incompatibilities of GCC, but people not familiar with C will
still need a good reference on the C programming language.  It also covers
G++.

The `Texinfo Manual' (Edition 2.20 for Version 3) explains the markup
language used to generate both the online Info documentation and typeset
hardcopies.  It tells you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes,
indexes, cross references, how to use Texinfo mode in GNU Emacs, and how to
catch mistakes.	 This second edition describes over 50 new commands.

The `Termcap Manual' (2nd Edition for Version 1.2), often described as "twice
as much as you ever wanted to know about termcap," details the format of the
termcap database, the definitions of terminal capabilities, and the process
of interrogating a terminal description.  This manual is primarily for
programmers.

The `C Library Reference Manual' (Edition 0.06 for Version 1.09) describes
most of the facilities of the GNU C library, including both what Unix calls
"library functions" and "system calls."	 We are doing limited copier runs of
this manual until it becomes more stable.  Please send corrections and
improvements to `[e-mail]'.

The `Emacs Calc Manual' (Edition 2.02 for Version 2.02) is both a tutorial
and a reference manual.	 It tells how to do ordinary arithmetic, how to use
Calc for algebra, calculus, and other forms of mathematics, and how to extend
Calc.



GNU Software - (NOT COMPLETELY UP TO DATE)
************

All our software is available via FTP; see *Note How to Get GNU Software::.
In addition, we offer software on various media and printed documentation:

   * *Note CD-ROMs::.

   * *Note Tapes::.

   * *Note MS-DOS Diskettes::.

   * *Note Documentation::, which includes manuals and reference cards.

We welcome all bug reports sent to the appropriate electronic mailing list
(*note Free Software Support::.).

In the articles describing the contents of each medium, the version number
listed after each program name was current when we published this Bulletin.
When you order a distribution tape, diskette or newer CD-ROM, some of the
programs may be newer, and therefore the version number higher.

Key to cross reference:


    BinCD
	  Binaries CD-ROM

    DjgppD
	  Djgpp Diskettes

    DosCD
	  MS-DOS CD-ROM

    EmcsD
	  Emacs Diskettes

    LspEmcT
	  Lisps/Emacs Tape

    LangT
	  Languages Tape

    LiteT
	  4.4BSD-Lite Tape

    SchmT
	  Scheme Tape

    SrcCD
	  Source CD-ROM

    UtilD
	  Selected Utilities Diskettes

    UtilT
	  Utilities Tape

    VMSCompT
	  VMS Compiler Tape

    VMSEmcsT
	  VMS Emacs Tape

    WdwsD
	  Windows Diskette

    X11OptT
	  X11 Optional Tape

    X11ReqT
	  X11 Required Tape



Configuring GNU Software:

We are using a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software packages in order
to compile them.  It uses the `Autoconf' program (see item below).  The goal
is to have all GNU software support the same alternatives for naming machine
and system types.   When the GNU system is complete it will be possible to
configure and build the entire system at once, eliminating the need to
separately configure each individual package.	The configuration scheme lets
you specify both the host and target system to build cross-compilation tools.



GNU software currently available:

(For new features and coming programs, see *Note Forthcoming GNUs::.)

   * `acm'	   (SrcCD, UtilT)

     `acm' is a LAN-oriented, multiplayer aerial combat simulation that runs
     under the X Window System.	 Players engage in air to air combat against
     one another using heat seeking missiles and cannons.  We are working on
     more accurate simulation of real airplane flight characteristics.

   * Autoconf	      (SrcCD, UtilT)

     Autoconf produces shell scripts which automatically configure source code
     packages.	These scripts adapt the packages to many kinds of Unix-like
     systems without manual user intervention.	Autoconf creates a script for
     a package from a template file which lists the operating system features
     which the package can use, in the form of `m4' macro calls.  Autoconf
     requires GNU `m4' to operate, but the resulting configure scripts it
     generates do not.

     Most GNU programs now use Autoconf-generated configure scripts.

   * BASH	  (SrcCD, UtilT)

     The GNU shell, BASH (Bourne Again SHell), is compatible with the Unix
     `sh' and offers many extensions found in `csh' and `ksh'.	BASH has job
     control, `csh'-style command history, and command-line editing (with
     Emacs and `vi' modes built-in, and the ability to rebind keys) via the
     readline library.	BASH conforms to the POSIX 1003.2 shell specification.

   * `bc'	  (DjgppD, DosCD, SrcCD, UtilT)

     `bc' is an interactive algebraic language with arbitrary precision
     numbers.  GNU `bc' follows the POSIX.2-1992 standard, with several
     extensions including multi-character variable names, an `else'
     statement, and full Boolean expressions.  The RPN calculator `dc' is now
     distributed as part of the same package, but GNU `bc' is not implemented
     as a `dc' preprocessor.

   * BFD	 (BinCD, DjggpD, DosCD, LangT, SrcCD)

     The Binary File Descriptor library allows a program which operates on
     object files (e.g., `ld' or GDB) to support many different formats in a
     clean way.	 BFD provides a portable interface, so that only BFD needs to
     know the details of a particular format.  One result is that all
     programs using BFD will support formats such as a.out, COFF, and ELF.
     BFD comes with source for Texinfo documentation (not yet published on
     paper).   Presently BFD is not distributed separately; it is included
     with packages that use it.

   * Binutils	      (BinCD, DjgppD, DosCD, LangT, SrcCD)

     Binutils includes the programs: `ar', `c++filt', `demangle', `gas',
     `gprof', `ld', `nlmconv', `nm', `objcopy', `objdump', `ranlib', `size',
     `strings', and `strip'.

     Binutils Version 2 uses the BFD library.  The GNU linker `ld' emits
     source-line numbered error messages for multiply-defined symbols and
     undefined references.  It interprets a superset of the AT&T Linker
     Command Language, which gives general control over where segments are
     placed in memory.	`nlmconv' converts object files into Novell NetWare
     Loadable Modules.	`objdump' can disassemble code for a29k, ALPHA,
     H8/300, H8/500, HP-PA, i386, i960, m68k, m88k, MIPS, SH, SPARC, & Z8000
     processors, and can display other data (e.g., symbols & relocations)
     from any file format understood by BFD.

   * Bison	   (BinCD, DjgppD, DosCD, LangT, SrcCD, VMSCompT)

     Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator
     `yacc'.  Texinfo source for the `Bison Manual' and reference card are
     included.	*Note Documentation::.

     We recently decided to change the policy for using the parsers that
     Bison generates.  It is now permitted to use Bison-generated parsers in
     non-free programs.	 *Note GNUs Flashes::.

   * GNU C Library	   (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD)

     The GNU C library supports ANSI C-1989, POSIX 1003.1-1990 and most of the
     functions in POSIX 1003.2-1992.  It is upwardly compatible with 4.4BSD
     and includes many System V functions, plus GNU extensions.

     The C Library will perform many functions of the Unix system calls in
     the Hurd.	Mike Haertel has written a fast `malloc' which wastes less
     memory than the old GNU version.  The GNU regular-expression functions
     (`regex' and `rx') now nearly conform to the POSIX 1003.2 standard.

     GNU `stdio' lets you define new kinds of streams, just by writing a few
     C functions.  The `fmemopen' function uses this to open a stream on a
     string, which can grow as necessary.  You can define your own `printf'
     formats to use a C function you have written.  For example, you can
     safely use format strings from user input to implement a `printf'-like
     function for another programming language.	 Extended `getopt' functions
     are already used to parse options, including long options, in many GNU
     utilities.

     The C Library runs on Sun-3 (SunOS 4.1), Sun-4 (SunOS 4.1 or Solaris 2),
     HP 9000/300 (4.3BSD), SONY News 800 (NewsOS 3 or 4), MIPS DECstation
     (Ultrix 4), DEC Alpha (OSF/1), i386/i486 (System V, SVR4, BSD, SCO 3.2 &
     SCO ODT 2.0), Sequent Symmetry i386 (Dynix 3) & SGI (Irix 4).  Texinfo
     source for the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' is included (*note
     Documentation::.); the manual is now being updated.

   * GNU C++ Library	     (BinCD, DjgppD, DosCD, LangT, SrcCD)

     The GNU C++ library (libg++) contains an extensive collection of C++
     `forest' classes, an IOStream library for input/output routines, and
     support tools for use with G++.  Supported classes include: Obstacks,
     multiple-precision Integers and Rationals, Complex numbers, arbitrary
     length Strings, BitSets and BitStrings.   Version 2.6.2 includes the
     initial release of the libstdc++ library.	This implements library
     facilities defined by the forthcoming ANSI/ISO C++ standard, including
     the Standard Template Library.

   * Calc	  (LspEmcT, SrcCD)

     Calc (written by Dave Gillespie in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced
     desk calculator & mathematical tool that runs as part of GNU Emacs.  You
     can use Calc just as a simple four-function calculator, but it has many
     more features including: choice of algebraic or RPN (stack-based) entry;
     logarithmic, trigonometric & financial functions; arbitrary precision;
     complex numbers; vectors; matrices; dates; times; infinities; sets;
     algebraic simplification; differentiation & integration.  It outputs to
     `gnuplot' & comes with source for a reference card & a Manual.  *Note
     Documentation::.

   * GNU Chess	       (SrcCD, UtilT, WdwsD)

     GNU Chess lets the computer play a full game of chess with you.  It runs
     on most platforms & has dumb terminal, "curses" & X terminal interfaces.
     The X terminal interface is based on the `xboard' program.
     m{No Value For "ergegrafkludge"} GNU Chess implements many specialized
     features including the null move heuristic, a hash table with aging, the