5.txt

基于图象的信息隐藏的C源码

inserted a small amount of radioactive material from Hanford into
tubes running through the stack of crates.  The scientists hoped to
get a feel for how the radiation might spread in the real test by
analyzing this test.  The explosion destroyed the platform, leaving a
small crater with trace amounts of radiation in it.



Bomb Assembly


On July 12 the two hemispheres of plutonium were carried to the George
McDonald ranch house just two miles from ground zero.  At the house,
Brig. Gen. Thomas Farrell, deputy to Maj. Gen. Leslie Groves, was
asked to sign a receipt for the plutonium.  Farrell later said, "I
recall that I asked them if I was going to sign for it shouldn't I
take it and handle it.  So I took this heavy ball in my hand and I
felt it growing warm, I got a certain sense of its hidden power.  It
wasn't a cold piece of metal, but it was really a piece of metal that
seemed to be working inside.  Then maybe for the first time I began to
believe some of the fantastic tales the scientists had told about this
nuclear power."

At the McDonald ranch house the master bedroom had been turned into a
clean room for the assembly of the bomb core.  According to Robert
Bacher, a member of the assembly team, they tried to use only tools
and materials from a special kit.  Several of these kits existed and
some were already on their way to Tinian, the island in the Pacific
which was the base for the bombers.  The idea was to test the
procedures and tools at Trinity as well as the bomb itself.

At one minute past midnight on Friday, July 13, the explosive assembly
left Los Alamos for Trinity Site.  Later in the morning, assembly of
the plutonium core began.  According to Raemer Schreiber, Robert
Bacher was the advisor and Marshall Holloway and Philip Morrison had
overall responsibility.  Louis Slotin, Boyce McDaniel and Cyril Smith
were responsible for the mechanical assembly in the ranch house.
Later Holloway was responsible for the mechanical assembly at the
tower.

In the afternoon of the 13th the core was taken to ground zero for
insertion into the bomb mechanism.

The bomb was assembled under the tower on July 13.  The plutonium core
was inserted into the device with some difficulty.  On the first try
it stuck.  After letting the temperatures of the plutonium and casing
equalize the core slid smoothly into place.  Once the assembly was
complete many of the men took a welcome relief and went swimming in
the water tank east of the McDonald ranch house.

The next morning the entire bomb was raised to the top of the 100 foot
steel tower and placed in a small shelter.  A crew then attached all
the detonators and by 5 p.m. it was complete.



The test


Three observation points were established at 10,000 yards from ground
zero.  These were wooden shelters protected by concrete and earth.
The south bunker served as the control center for the test.  The
automatic firing device was triggered from there as key men such as
Dr. Robert Oppenheimer, head of Los Alamos, watched.  None of the
manned bunkers are left.

Many scientists and support personnel, including Gen. Leslie Groves,
head of the Manhattan Project, watched the explosion from base camp
which was ten miles southwest of ground zero.  All the buildings at
base camp were removed after the test.  Most visiting VIPs watched
from Compania Hill, 20 miles northwest of ground zero.

The test was scheduled for 4 a.m. July 16, but rain and lightning
early that morning caused it to be postponed.  The device could not be
exploded under rainy conditions because rain and winds would increase
the danger from radioactive fallout and interfere with observation of
the test.  At 4:45 a.m. the crucial weather report came through
announcing calm to light winds with broken clouds for the following
two hours.

At 5:10 the countdown started and at 5:29:45 the device exploded
successfully.  To most observers the brilliance of the light from the
explosion--watched through dark glasses--overshadowed the shock wave
and sound that arrived later.

Hans Bethe, one of the contributing scientists, wrote "it looked like
a giant magnesium flare which kept on for what seemed a whole minute
but was actually one or two seconds.  The white ball grew and after a
few seconds became clouded with dust whipped up by the explosion from
the ground and rose and left behind a black trail of dust particles."

Joe McKibben, another scientist, said, "We had a lot of flood lights
on for taking movies of the control panel.  When the bomb went off,
the lights were drowned out by the big light coming in through the
open door in the back."

Others were impressed by the heat they immediately felt.  Military
policeman Davis said, "The heat was like opening up an oven door, even
at 10 miles."  Dr. Phillip Morrison said, "Suddenly, not only was
there a bright light but where we were, 10 miles away, there was the
heat of the sun on our faces....Then, only minutes later, the real sun
rose and again you felt the same heat to the face from the sunrise.
So we saw two sunrises."



After the explosion


Although no information on the test was released until after the
atomic bomb was used as a weapon against Japan, people in New Mexico
knew something had happened.  The shock broke windows 120 miles away
and was felt by many at least 160 miles away.  Army officials simply
stated that a munitions storage area had accidentally exploded at the
Alamogordo Bombing Range.

The explosion did not make much of a crater.  Most eyewitnesses
describe the area as more of a small depression instead of a crater.
The heat of the blast did melt the desert sand and turn it into a
green glassy substance.  It was called Trinitite and can still be seen
in the area.  At one time Trinitite completely covered the depression
made by the explosion.  Afterwards the depression was filled and much
of the Trinitite was taken away by the Nuclear Energy Commission.

To the west of the monument is a low structure which is protecting an
original portion of the crater area.  Trinitite is visible through
openings in the roof.



It's the Schmidt house


The George McDonald ranch house sits within an 85'x85' low stone wall.
The house was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt, a German immigrant, and
an addition was constructed on the north side in the 1930's by the
McDonalds.  There is a display about the Schmidt family in the house
during each open house.

The ranch house is a one-story, 1,750 square-foot building.  It is
built of adobe which was plastered and painted.  An ice house is
located on the west side along with an underground cistern which
stored rain water running off the roof.  At one time the north
addition contained a toilet and bathtub which drained into a septic
tank northwest of the house.

There is a large, divided water storage tank and a Chicago Aeromotor
windmill east of the house.  The scientists and support people used
the north tank as a swimming pool during the long hot summer of 1945.
South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse and a barn which
was part garage.  Further to the east are corrals and holding pens.
The buildings and fixtures east of the house have been stabilized to
prevent further deterioration.

The ranch was abandoned in 1942 when the Alamogordo Bombing and
Gunnery Range took over the land to use in training World War II
bombing crews.  The house stood empty until the Manhattan Project
support personnel arrived in early 1945.

Inside the house the northeast room (the master bedroom) was
designated the assembly room.  Work benches and tables were installed.
To keep dust and sand out of instruments and tools, the windows were
covered with plastic.  Tape was used to fasten the edges of the
plastic and to seal doors and cracks in the walls.

The explosion, only two miles away, did not significantly damage the
house.  Most of the windows were blown out, but the main structure was
intact.  Years of rain water dripping through holes in the roof did
much more damage.  The barn did not do as well.  During the Trinity
test the roof was bowed inward and some of the roofing was blown away.
The roof has since collapsed.

The house stood empty and deteriorating until 1982 when the U.S. Army
stabilized the house to prevent any further damage.  Shortly after,
the Department of Energy and U.S. Army provided the funds for the
National Park Service to completely restore the house.  The work was
done in 1984.  All efforts were directed at making the house appear as
it did on July 12, 1945.



Afterwards


The story of what happened at Trinity Site did not come to light until
after the second atomic bomb was exploded over Hiroshima, Japan, on
August 6.  President Truman made the announcement that day.  Three
days later, August 9, the third atomic bomb devastated the city of
Nagasaki, and on August 14 the Japanese surrendered.

Trinity Site became part of what was then White Sands Proving Ground.
The proving ground was established on July 9, 1945, as a test facility
to investigate the new rocket technology emerging from World War II.
The land, including Trinity Site and the old Alamogordo Bombing Range,
came under the control of the new rocket and missile testing facility.

Interest in Trinity Site was immediate.  In September 1945 press tours
to the site started.  One of the famous photos of ground zero shows
Robert Oppenheimer and General Leslie Groves surrounded by a small
group of reporters as they examine one of the footings to the 100 foot
tower on which the bomb was placed.  That picture was taken Sept. 11.
The exposed footing is still visible at ground zero.  On Sept. 15-17,
George Cremeens, a young radio reporter from KRNT in Des Moines,
visited the site with soundman Frank Lagouri.  They flew over the
crater and interviewed Dr. Kenneth Bainbridge, Trinity test director,
and Capt. Howard Bush, base camp commander.

Back in Iowa, Cremeens created four 15-minute reports on his visit
which aired Sept. 24, 26, 27 and 29.  A 15-minute composite was made
and aired on the ABC Radio Network.  For his work Cremeens received a
local Peabody Award for "Outstanding Reporting and Interpretation of
the News."

At first Trinity Site was encircled with a fence and radiation warning
signs were posted.  The site remained off-limits to military and
civilian personnel of the proving ground and closed to the public.

In 1952 the Atomic Energy Commission let a contract to clean up the
site.  Much of the Trinitite was scraped up and buried.  In September
1953 about 650 people attended the first Trinity Site open house.  A
few years later a small group from Tularosa visited the site on an
anniversary of the explosion to conduct a religious service and
prayers for peace.  Similar visits have been made annually in recent
years on the first Saturday in October.

In 1967 the inner oblong fence was added.  In 1972 the corridor barbed
wire fence which connects the outer fence to the inner one was
completed.  Jumbo was moved to the parking lot in 1979.

Visits to the site are now made in April and October because it is
generally so hot in July on the Jornada del Muerto.



White Sands Missile Range


White Sands Missile Range has developed from a simple desert testing
site for the V-2 into one of the most sophisticated test facilities in
the world.  The mission of White Sands Missile Range begins with a
customer--a service developer, or another federal agency, which is
ready to find out if engineers and scientists have built something
which will perform according to job specifications.  It ends when an
exhaustive series of tests has been completed and a data report has
been delivered to the customer.

Between the beginning and the end of the test program, be it the Army
Tactical Missile System or newly designed automobiles, range employees
are involved in every operation connected with the customer and his
product.  The range can and does provide everything from rat traps to
telephones, from equipment hoists and flight safety to microsecond
timing.

We shake, rattle and roll the product, roast it, freeze it, subject it
to nuclear radiation, dip it in salt water and roll it in the mud.  We
test its paint, bend its frame and find out what effect its propulsion
material has on flora and fauna.

In the end, if it's a missile, we fire it, record its performance and
bring back the pieces for post mortem examination.  All test data is
reduced and the customer receives a full report.

For more information on Trinity Site or White Sands Missile Range
contact:

  Public Affairs Office (STEWS-PA)
  White Sands Missile Range
  White Sands Missile Range, N.M.  88002-5047



Reading List


The Day the Sun Rose Twice, by Ferenc Szasz, University of New Mexico
Press, 1984.

Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb, by Vincent Jones, Center of
Military History, U. S. Army.

Trinity, by Kenneth Bainbridge, Los Alamos publication (LA-6300-H).

The Making of the Atomic Bomb, by Richard Rhodes, Simon and Schuster,
1986.

Now It Can Be Told, by General Leslie Groves, Da Capo Press, 1975.

Day One, By Peter Wyden, Simon and Schuster, 1984.

City of Fire: Los Alamos and the Atomic Age, 1943-1945, by James
Kunetka, University of New Mexico Press, 1978.

Los Alamos 1943-1945: The Beginning of an Era, Los Alamos Publication
(LASL-79-78).

Day of Trinity, by Lansing Lamont, Atheneum.

Radiological Survey and Evaluation of the Fallout Area from the
Trinity Test: Chupadera Mesa and White Sands Missile Range, N. M., Los
Alamos publication (LA-10256-MS).

Life Magazine, August 20 and September 24, 1945.

Time Magazine, August 13 and 20, 1945.




End of this Project Gutenberg Etext of Trinity [Atomic Test] Site




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