keywords.sgml

PostgreSQL7.4.6 for Linux

<!-- $Header: /cvsroot/pgsql/doc/src/sgml/keywords.sgml,v 2.10.2.1 2003/11/04 12:59:21 petere Exp $ -->

<appendix id="sql-keywords-appendix">
 <title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Key Words</title>

 <indexterm zone="sql-keywords-appendix">
  <primary>key word</primary>
  <secondary>list of</secondary>
 </indexterm>

 <para>
  <xref linkend="keywords-table"> lists all tokens that are key words
  in the SQL standard and in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>
  &version;.  Background information can be found in <xref
  linkend="sql-syntax-identifiers">.
 </para>

 <para>
  SQL distinguishes between <firstterm>reserved</firstterm> and
  <firstterm>non-reserved</firstterm> key words.  According to the standard,
  reserved key words
  are the only real key words; they are never allowed as identifiers.
  Non-reserved key words only have a special meaning in particular
  contexts and can be used as identifiers in other contexts.  Most
  non-reserved key words are actually the names of built-in tables
  and functions specified by SQL.  The concept of non-reserved key
  words essentially only exists to declare that some predefined meaning
  is attached to a word in some contexts.
 </para>

 <para>
  In the <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> parser life is a bit
  more complicated. There are several different classes of tokens
  ranging from those that can never be used as an identifier to those
  that have absolutely no special status in the parser as compared to
  an ordinary identifier.  (The latter is usually the case for
  functions specified by SQL.)  Even reserved key words are not
  completely reserved in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname>, but
  can be used as column labels (for example, <literal>SELECT 55 AS
  CHECK</literal>, even though <token>CHECK</token> is a reserved key
  word).
 </para>

 <para>
  In <xref linkend="keywords-table"> in the column for
  <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> we classify as
  <quote>non-reserved</quote> those key words that are explicitly
  known to the parser but are allowed in most or all contexts where an
  identifier is expected.  Some key words that are otherwise
  non-reserved cannot be used as function or data type names and are
  marked accordingly.  (Most of these words represent built-in
  functions or data types with special syntax.  The function or type
  is still available but it cannot be redefined by the user.)  Labeled
  <quote>reserved</quote> are those tokens that are only allowed as
  <quote>AS</quote> column label names (and perhaps in very few other
  contexts).  Some reserved key words are allowable as names for
  functions; this is also shown in the table.
 </para>

 <para>
  As a general rule, if you get spurious parser errors for commands
  that contain any of the listed key words as an identifier you should
  try to quote the identifier to see if the problem goes away.
 </para>

 <para>
  It is important to understand before studying <xref
  linkend="keywords-table"> that the fact that a key word is not
  reserved in <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> does not mean that
  the feature related to the word is not implemented.  Conversely, the
  presence of a key word does not indicate the existence of a feature.
 </para>


<!--
 The following table is semi-automatically generated.  You can update it
 manually, but when you have a lot of changes talk to <[e-mail]>
 about remaking it.
-->

<table id="keywords-table">
 <title><acronym>SQL</acronym> Key Words</title>

 <tgroup cols="4">
  <thead>
   <row>
    <entry>Key Word</entry>
    <entry><productname>PostgreSQL</productname></entry>
    <entry><acronym>SQL</acronym> 99</entry>
    <entry><acronym>SQL</acronym> 92</entry>
   </row>
  </thead>

  <tbody>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ABORT</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ABS</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ABSOLUTE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ACCESS</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ACTION</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ADA</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ADD</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ADMIN</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AFTER</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AGGREGATE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ALIAS</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ALL</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ALLOCATE</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ALTER</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ANALYSE</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ANALYZE</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AND</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ANY</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ARE</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ARRAY</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AS</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ASC</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ASENSITIVE</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ASSERTION</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ASSIGNMENT</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ASYMMETRIC</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AT</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>ATOMIC</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AUTHORIZATION</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved (can be function)</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>AVG</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BACKWARD</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BEFORE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BEGIN</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BETWEEN</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved (can be function)</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BIGINT</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved (cannot be function or type)</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BINARY</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved (can be function)</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BIT</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved (cannot be function or type)</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BITVAR</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BIT_LENGTH</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BLOB</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BOOLEAN</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved (cannot be function or type)</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BOTH</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BREADTH</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>BY</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>C</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CACHE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CALL</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CALLED</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CARDINALITY</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CASCADE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CASCADED</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CASE</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CAST</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CATALOG</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CATALOG_NAME</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHAIN</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHAR</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved (cannot be function or type)</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHARACTER</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved (cannot be function or type)</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHARACTERISTICS</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHARACTER_LENGTH</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHARACTER_SET_CATALOG</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHARACTER_SET_NAME</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHARACTER_SET_SCHEMA</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHAR_LENGTH</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHECK</token></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHECKED</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CHECKPOINT</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CLASS</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CLASS_ORIGIN</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CLOB</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CLOSE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>CLUSTER</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry></entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>COALESCE</token></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved (cannot be function or type)</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>
    <entry><token>COBOL</token></entry>
    <entry></entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
    <entry>non-reserved</entry>
   </row>
   <row>