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<BR>

</UL>

<P>Look in the /usr/x11/bin directory for still more games not listed here.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E603"></A>

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<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Spider (Small and Large)</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This is double-deck solitaire. To see this game's man page, type man spider. To start this game, type spider in a command-line window.

<BR>

<P>This game requires a fair bit of thought, planning, and skill. The aim is to arrange cards of the same suit in descending order. You can also, however, have cards of different suits arranged in descending order. Sometimes this can help you immediately, 
but hinder you in the long run! Note that, if you do have two or more consecutive cards of the same suit, the cards will move as a group. Spider is challenging; don't try to play it just to pass the time!

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E604"></A>

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>GNU Chess</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This is a graphical version of GNU Chess that uses the xboard display system.

<BR>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

<BR>

<NOTE>Running GNU Chess under xboard is very resource-intensive. It may crash your system.

<BR>Adding more swap space may correct an agonizingly long response time. Do not worry, it's not your system, it's GNU Chess.</NOTE>

<BR>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E605"></A>

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<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Xtetris</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>If you've never been hooked on Tetris, here's your chance. This is a nice X implementation of a game that always seems to suffer when taken from the video arcade and placed on a home computer.

<BR>

<P>To see this game's man page, type man xtetris.

<BR>

<P>To start this game, type xtetris in a command-line window.

<BR>

<P>The colors are nicely done, and the movement is relatively smooth. However, if you're used to the arcade version of Tetris, watch out for the following:

<BR>

<UL>

<LI>Left and right arrow keys move from side to side; up and down arrow keys rotate clockwise and counterclockwise. Most people have a preferred direction of rotation for the pieces; experiment to find out which way is right for you.

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>The spacebar, as is usual on home-computer implementation, slam-dunks the piece to the bottom rather than just hauling it down faster.

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>The colors of the pieces, though attractive, are sometimes confusing. For instance, the L-shaped piece that is yellow in the arcade version is purple in xtetris, and the L-shaped piece that is purple in the arcade version is light blue in xtetris. 
Again, very confusing if you're used to the arcade version.

<BR>

<BR>

</UL>

<P>The purpose of the game? Arrange the pieces so they interlock without gaps. As soon as you create a (horizontal) row that's completely filled, it vaporizes. This is good, because when the pieces stack up to the top, the game is over. (Pity the Cossack 
doesn't come out and tap his feet when things start to get a little out of control.)

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E606"></A>

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<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Xlander</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This is an update of the old arcade game, Lunar Lander. You get a bird's-eye view from the window of your lunar lander. By operating the main and directional thruster engines, you attempt to touch down softly on the landing pad. If things go wrong, 
instead of a bird's-eye view, you get a meteorite's-eye view!

<BR>

<P>To see this game's man page, type man xlander.

<BR>

<P>To start this game, type xlander in a command-line window.

<BR>

<P>You may have problems getting the game to respond to your keyboard input. In that case, the moon's surface is only a short plummet away.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E607"></A>

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<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Ico</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>Ico sets a polyhedron (a solid, multisided geometric shape) bouncing around your screen. Depending on the options specified, this three-dimensional polygon can occupy its own window or use the entire root window.

<BR>

<P>To see this game's man page, type man ico. It can be started from the command line (within X Window) by typing ico. In fact, you should start it from the command line because of the options available. If you start it from the Demo/Gadgets menu, you will 
only get a wireframe polygon in its own, small window.

<BR>

<P>One interesting option you can use from the command line is -colors. If you specify more than one color, you get a multicolored polyhedron, with each face a different color.

<BR>

<P>With the -colors option, you must type in the colors to be used in the following format: rgb:&lt;red intensity&gt;/&lt;green intensity&gt;/&lt;blue intensity&gt;. The intensities have to be specified in hexadecimal notation; 000 is the lowest value and 
fff is the highest. For example, the complete command might be

<BR>

<BR>

<PRE>

<FONT COLOR="#000080">ico -colors rgb:000/888/fff rgb:e00/400/b80 rgb:123/789/def</FONT></PRE>

<P>This program is fairly resource-intensive and might slow down your system.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E608"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Maze</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This draws a maze, and then solves it. There is no way you can solve it for yourself. Maze is a demo, not a game. On a fast system, it solves it too quickly to follow!

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E609"></A>

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Xeyes</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>Not really a game, but cute anyway. Whenever you start Xeyes, you get a large pair of bodiless eyes that follow your cursor's movements. Running four or five copies of Xeyes at once gives your system a surrealistic touch.

<BR>

<P>To see this game's man page, type man xeyes.

<BR>

<P>To start this game, type xeyes in a command-line window.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E610"></A>

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Xlogo</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This displays the official X logo.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E611"></A>

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Xhextris</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This is a version of Tetris that uses pieces made up of hexagons. To start the game, type xhextris on an X Window command line. No man page is available.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E612"></A>

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<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Minesweeper</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>You are given a large grid. Some of the squares contain mines. Your job is to flag all of the mines.

<BR>

<P>This game is started by typing xdemineur at the Linux prompt in a command-line window.

<BR>

<P>Starting Minesweeper brings up the playing field, which is a dark gray grid, and a Score window.

<BR>

<P>You uncover a square by clicking on it with the left mouse button. If you uncover a mine, you are blown up and the game is over!

<BR>

<P>It's more likely, though, that you will either uncover a number or open up several light gray, blank squares (with no numbers or mines). The number tells you how many mines are found adjacent to that square, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. For 
example, a &quot;1&quot; means there is only one mine adjacent to that square. If you've already determined the location of one mine adjacent to a &quot;1&quot; square, then it's safe to uncover all other squares next to the &quot;1&quot; square because 
they can't possibly contain a mine! In this fashion, you try to deduce the location of the mines. If you happen to uncover a square that has no number (and therefore no mines next to it), the game will automatically uncover the entire numberless area and 
its border.

<BR>

<P>When you think you've located a mine, you &quot;sweep&quot; or mark it by clicking on it with the right mouse button (if you click the left button accidentally, and there is indeed a mine there, the game is over). The right button toggles on and off a 
flag marker. Note that the game does not tell you whether you have correctly placed the flag.

<BR>

<P>You will soon discover that certain patterns of numbers let you place a mine without any doubt; other times, you have to make an educated guess.

<BR>

<P>Of course, sometimes you miscalculate and blow up. To restart the game, click with either mouse button in the Score window. If you complete the game successfully, your time will be recorded.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E613"></A>

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Xpaint</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>This is a color drawing-and-painting program. Start it from the Linux prompt in a command-line window by typing xpaint. A Tool menu will appear. Start a new canvas from the File menu. The Tool menu holds your drawing and painting implements (brushes, 
pencils, spray cans, and so on); the palette of colors and patterns is found underneath the canvas.

<BR>

<P>To see the man page, type man xpaint.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E68E464"></A>

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<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Character-Based Games</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

<BR>

<P>There is a long history of games being written for the UNIX operating system. Your Linux /usr/games directory contains a number of these games, from various time periods.

<BR>

<P>Many of these games were written before color, bitmapped windowing systems became common. Most of the games in /usr/games (except for Tetris, for instance) are character-based. This means that graphics (if there are any!) are displayed on your screen 
using standard screen characters: A, *, |, x, and so on. In addition, all input is from the keyboard.

<BR>

<P>An advantage of character-based games is that they do not require a graphical or windowing environment to run. A monochrome display is fine.

<BR>

<P>The character-based nature of some games, such as Hangman or Bog (Boggle), takes nothing away from the play; you don't really wish for fancy color graphics when playing them. Other character-based games might strike you as interesting historical 
curiosities: they show you what their ingenious programmers could manage with such a simple display system, but clearly would be better served by color graphics.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E614"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>A Summary of Games in </B><B>/usr/games</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>The games found in /usr/games can be roughly categorized into the following types:

<BR>

<UL>

<LI>Text adventure: Battlestar; Paranoia; Wump

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Word games: Bog (Boggle); Hangman

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Card games: Canfield; Cribbage; Go Fish

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Board games: Backgammon; GNU Chess; Mille Miglia; Monop (Monopoly)

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Simulations: ATC (air traffic control); Trek

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Character-based &quot;video&quot; games: Robots, Snake, Tetris, Worm

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Math games/utilities: arithmetic; bcd, Morse, and ppt; Factor; Primes

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Full graphics games: DOOM

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Miscellaneous demos and utilities: Caesar; Fortune; Number; Rain; and Worms

<BR>

<BR>

</UL>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

<BR>

<NOTE>Two of the more interesting character-based games, Rogue and Hack, do not come with the Linux distribution. These games use the screen to display the rooms and corridors of a dungeon. You (and, in Hack, your trusty dog) move around the dungeon, 
mapping out the corridors, entering the rooms (be careful when you explore dark, unlit rooms), picking up treasure and magical items&#151;and, last but not least, fighting monsters (or running from them!). After you have fully explored the level you're on, 
you can descend to a lower, more difficult level.

<BR>Every time you run Hack or Rogue, the dungeons are different. Every monster has different fighting skills, and some monsters have special talents. The magical items, which include rings, wands, scrolls, and potions, have a variety of effects. Some of 
the items you find, such as armor, might be enchanted or magically enhanced; but if you find a cursed item, you may have been better off not picking it up at all!

<BR>Both Rogue and Hack have their enthusiasts, but Hack is a later, more elaborate version that is generally preferred. If you come across either game on the Internet, pick it up and try it! There are also versions of Hack available for MS-DOS-based 
computers.</NOTE>

<BR>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E615"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Text Adventure Games</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>These games follow the classic text-based formula: the system informs you that &quot;you are in a maze of small twisty passages, all alike&quot; or something similar; you type in your actions as go forward, east, take sword, and so on. If you like 
solving puzzles, these games will appeal to you. With text-based games, the adventure follows a defined path, and your responses are usually limited.

<BR>

<P>The following example is the start of the text-based game Battlestar, which you will learn about in the next section. Your commands are typed at the &gt;-: prompt:

<BR>

<PRE>

<FONT COLOR="#000080">Version 4.2, fall 1984.

First Adventure game written by His Lordship, the honorable

Admiral D.W. Riggle

This is a luxurious stateroom.

The floor is carpeted with a soft animal fur and the great wooden furniture

is inlaid with strips of platinum and gold. Electronic equipment built

into the walls and ceiling is flashing wildly. The floor shudders and

the sounds of dull explosions rumble though the room. From a window in

the wall ahead comes a view of darkest space. There is a small adjoining

room behind you, and a doorway right.

&gt;-: right

These are the executive suites of the battlestar.

Luxurious staterooms carpeted with crushed velvet and adorned with beaten

gold open onto this parlor. A wide staircase with ivory banisters leads

up or down. This parlor leads into a hallway left. The bridal suite is right.

Other rooms lie ahead and behind you.

&gt;-: up

You are at the entrance to the dining hall.

A wide staircase with ebony banisters leads down here.

The dining hall is to the ahead.

&gt;-: quit

Your rating was novice.</FONT></PRE>

<BR>

<A NAME="E70E39"></A>

<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Battlestar</B></FONT></CENTER></H5>

<BR>

<P>Type battlestar at the command prompt. A sample session is shown in the code in the previous section. A man page is available by typing man battlestar.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E70E40"></A>

<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Paranoia</B></FONT></CENTER></H5>

<BR>

<P>Type paranoia at the command prompt. In this humorous game, you play a secret agent on a desperate mission. Unlike most text-based adventure games, Paranoia lets you choose your actions from a menu. This is useful if you hate having to find a command 
that the game will understand. There is no man page for Paranoia.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E70E41"></A>

<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Wump</B></FONT></CENTER></H5>

<BR>

<P>Type wump at the command prompt. You are out hunting the Wumpus, armed with some custom arrows and relying on your wit and sense of smell. When you start the game, you are given the choice of seeing the instructions.

<BR>

<P>Type man wump to see the man page.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E616"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Word Games</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>The following two games are versions of popular word-finding and word-guessing games.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E70E42"></A>

<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Boggle</B></FONT></CENTER></H5>

<BR>

<P>Type bog at the command prompt. This is a version of the Parker Brothers game Boggle Deluxe. You are given a 5&#180;5 grid of letters. In the allotted time of three minutes, you type in words made up from the given letters. By default, you must use 
letters that adjoin horizontally, vertically, and diagonally, without reusing any letters. Plurals and different tenses count as different words&#151;for instance, &quot;use,&quot; &quot;uses,&quot; &quot;used,&quot; and &quot;user&quot; are all allowed in 
your word list. This follows the official Boggle rules. You can change these defaults, if you want.

<BR>

<P>At the end, the computer displays the list of words which it found. You can never beat the computer, because it only allows you to type in real words. You will discover that the Boggle dictionary has some odd omissions; this can be annoying, but it 
isn't very serious.

<BR>

<P>This game works well without color graphics, although the small size of the letter grid makes your eyes blur after a while.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E70E43"></A>

<H5 ALIGN=CENTER>