rhl03.htm

linux的初学电子书

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<P>After the boot and root floppies have been loaded, the normal Red Hat Linux installation routine is started.

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<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>The Red Hat Installation Routine A Quick Guide</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

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<NOTE>This section gives you a quick overview of the installation routine and can be used by those experienced with Linux or very simple hardware setups. If you run into any problems at all during the installation process, check the more detailed sections 
later in this chapter.</NOTE>

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<P>After you have successfully loaded your boot and root images either from disk or CD-ROM, you are launched into the installation routine. The Red Hat Linux distribution has a very useful menu-driven installation routine that is much more forgiving of 
errors than many other Linux versions. For the most part, you need only read the screens and make logical choices to have the installation process continue properly. Many of the steps are automated and occur without your intervention.

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<P>If something happens with the automated installation routine that causes an error, a warning on the screen is displayed and you will be dropped into a manual installation routine. This can be used just as easily as the automated routine; it just takes a 
little longer. Again, menu-driven options make the process painless.

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<P>You can probably install Red Hat Linux on your system based entirely on the automated installation routine. If this is the case, you can move on to other chapters in this book. The rest of this chapter covers some of the most important steps in setting 
up and installing a Linux system in more detail. If you encounter problems during the installation, or want to make changes to your configuration, you can check the respective sections later in this chapter. For now, you can take a quick look at each of 
the steps in the automated installation process.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Choosing Text or Graphics Installation</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>Red Hat Linux gives you two choices for installation: text-based or X-based. If you have installed Linux before or are familiar with operating systems, you can use either with equal confidence. The graphical interface installation using X is a more 
visually pleasant installation process, and it is a neat aspect of Red Hat Linux.

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<P>On the other hand, the text-based installation process is more traditional and familiar to veteran Linux users. If you are unsure of how to use X, or not sure of your system configuration with respect to mouse and video card, you should stay with the 
text-based installation. It guides you through each step with full descriptions on the screen.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Setting Up Your Hard Drive</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>If you have not set up Linux on your system before, or you need to allocate partitions for Linux on your system, you will need to use a disk-partitioning scheme. Red Hat Linux gives you a choice of two disk partitioning utilities: fdisk and cfdisk. The 
fdisk utility is similar to the DOS FDISK program. It is covered in more detail later in this chapter, in the section entitled, &quot;Installing the Linux Partitions.&quot;

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<P>The cfdisk utility is similar to fdisk but is a little more friendly. Many people find cfdisk easier to use than fdisk, as it uses simple mnemonic commands to perform each function. The choice of partitioning utility is entirely up to you: they both do 
the same job.

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<P>If you have set new partitions on your hard disk for Linux, you will have to reboot your system to make them effective (don't forget to write the partition table to disk when you exit either fdisk or cfdisk!). After a reboot, start the installation 
process again either from your boot floppies or the CD-ROM, and the new disk partitions will be recognized by Linux.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Formatting the Partitions</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>After the disk partitions are set, Red Hat will try to detect your swap partition. The installation routine will display a window with the device names of all your swap partitions listed. To format the swap partition, choose one of the partitions listed 
(or the only entry if you set up only one swap partition) and choose Yes from the menu to start the formatting. The process takes about a minute, depending on the size of the swap partition.

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<P>After the swap partition has been formatted and made available to the kernel, the installation routine detects any Linux data partitions. These are displayed with the option to format them. For a new installation, you should format the Linux partition 
using this screen.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Setting Up Ethernet</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>During the swap and Linux data-formatting process, Red Hat asks if you want to install Ethernet now. If you have an Ethernet card in your machine and want to set it up while the installation process is running, you can do so. If you don't have an 
Ethernet card or want to delay the installation for later, that's fine, too; you can skip a few steps.

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<P>If you elect to set up Ethernet now, you are asked for a machine name and a domain name. After that, you are asked for the IP address of your machine and the subnet mask (which is generated automatically and probably doesn't need changing). A few other 
configuration settings based on the IP address may be displayed. Again, the default settings are fine for almost every system.

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<P>You will be asked if your machine uses a gateway. If you use a separate machine to access the Internet or another network, answer Yes. If you use a gateway, you will be asked for its identification.

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<P>You will also be asked if there is a nameserver to be used by this machine. If your network has a DNS (Domain Name System) server that performs IP address conversions, answer Yes and supply its identification. Otherwise, answer No. You can always add a 
nameserver later, after the system is up and running.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Setting Up the Mouse</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>After a message about the Metro-X server supplied with Red Hat Linux and a selection of the type of graphics card to use (if in doubt, select standard VGA or SVGA), you are asked for the type of mouse attached to your system. Select the entry that 
matches the type of mouse you use, or one that is compatible with your mouse.

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<P>You are then asked which device your mouse is attached to. In most cases, the mouse is attached to COM1 (/dev/ttyS0) or COM2 (/dev/ttyS1). Select the proper entry. If you are not sure which port your mouse uses, select COM1; it is the most common 
configuration.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Configuring X</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>If you have selected the X-based installation routine, Red Hat Linux tries to determine your video system so it can start X. If you are using the text-based installation routine, this process is skipped for now.

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<P>In most cases, Red Hat Linux will try to set up the X system by checking the type of video card you have. You will probably see a message asking if you want the installation routine to &quot;autoprobe,&quot; which means it will try to determine the type 
of video card and video chipset installed on your machine. If you have a particular reason for not autoprobing (some video cards will hang if they are sent the wrong sequence), you will have to manually supply the configuration information. If you are 
unsure whether or not autoprobing should be allowed, let it go ahead and try. The worst that can happen (usually) is that the system will hang and you have to reboot.

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<P>After autoprobing, the installation routine displays the type of video chipset it found and the amount of memory it thinks is on the card. For most systems, accept the defaults unless you know exactly what type of chipset and on-board RAM you have.

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<P>After answering all the questions properly, X will start and you will see the X-based installation procedure.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Selecting Packages to Install</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>Whether you are using X or text-based installation, you will see a screen that lists all the packages on the Linux CD-ROM. You can select which packages are to be installed during the setup process. You can install as many or as few of these packages as 
you want. You can delay the installation of many of them until later, if you want.

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<P>After selecting the packages to be installed, you will see a message asking if you want to have individual package contents displayed for selection. This lets you select only portions of the more generic packages for installation. If you select this 
option, you will have to wait by your screen and provide input at regular intervals. If you want Linux to install all the components in a package, answer No to this prompt and you can leave the system to install by itself.

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<P>After you have selected the packages to be installed, Red Hat's installation routine will start installing the software. You will see status messages on the screen as the process goes along.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using LILO</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>After the installation process has formatted the drive partitions and copied all the software packages you selected to the data partition, you are asked if you want to run LILO to set up the boot system for this drive. If you have a disk drive devoted 
only to Linux, or it is a split DOS/Linux drive, you can run LILO and set the drive to boot into either operating system.

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<P>If you are running another operating system, such as UNIX or OS/2, you may elect not to use LILO and create a boot floppy instead. LILO is covered in much more detail in <A HREF="rhl04.htm" tppabs="http://202.113.16.101/%7eeb%7e/Red%20Hat%20Linux%20Unleashed/rhl04.htm">Chapter 4</A>, &quot;LILO.&quot;

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<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Boot and Root Disks</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

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<P>Even if you are installing from CD-ROM, you need three high-capacity floppies (either 1.2MB or 1.44MB). These are a single-boot floppy and two root (also called swap) floppies. The boot floppy holds the kernel used to start Linux the first time. The 
root or swap floppies hold a small file system that includes utilities needed for the installation.

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<P>In most cases, the boot and root floppies are copied from existing files that are called images. The image is a precompiled version of the system that you duplicate onto the floppies, eliminating the need to start from scratch. CD-ROM and FTP 
distributions will have directories for several boot and root images. You must select the image that matches your hardware as much as possible, copy them to the diskettes, and start your system with the diskettes.

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<P>You can do most of these steps from DOS, although you can't use the DOS copy command to create the boot and root floppies. The floppies must be created with a utility that ignores DOS formatting. This utility, commonly called RAWRITE.EXE, is included 
with most Linux software distributions.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Selecting a Boot Kernel and Root Image</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>The Red Hat Linux CD-ROM has a directory under the root directory called images which contain the boot and root images. You should run DOS either from a floppy or a partition on your hard disk to examine the CD-ROM. If you are copying your files from an 
FTP site, you can select the boot and root images you need while connected to the remote FTP machine and transfer only the images you need to your local machine.

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<P>The types of boot kernels usually available are described in a file in the kernel image directories. The Red Hat Linux CD-ROM accompanying this book has a number of directories under the images directory:

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<LI>1213&#151;Contains the standard boot images

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<LI>1357&#151;Contains experimental boot images with a new kernel

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<LI>custom&#151;Contains boot-disk images of a specialized nature

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<P>Under the images directory there is also a directory called floppies, which contains mirror images of the floppy distribution set for Red Hat Linux. Among the three subdirectories that hold images, there are many hundreds of images. If you are not 
familiar with Linux or don't want to play around with special kernels and hardware configurations, stick to the 1213 directory. It has boot images that will handle most systems.

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<P>In the \images\1213 directory there is a file called IMAGE.TXT, which lists the makeup of each image. A typical entry looks like this:

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<FONT COLOR="#000080">image # 0021:

SCSI : Adaptec, Buslogic

Ethernet: SMC

CD-ROM : IDE/ATAPI or SCSI</FONT></PRE>

<P>For each image in the 1213 directory the IMAGE.TXT file lists the image name (the file for the preceding entry is called BOOT0021.IMG), the type of controller card used for the disk drives (a SCSI controller made by, or compatible with those by, Adaptec 
or Buslogic), the type of Ethernet card (SMC in this example), and the type of CD-ROM drive on the system (an IDE or SCSI CD-ROM drive, in this case).

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<P>After you have selected the proper image that most closely matches your hardware setup, you can copy it to a floppy. You will also need the two root-disk images, which are in the \images\1213 directory as RAMDISK1.IMG and RAMDISK2.IMG. If you choose the 
boot image incorrectly, don't worry. All that will happen is you won't be able to install Linux, and you can start the process again.

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<P>If you obtained your boot and root images from an FTP or BBS site, the files may be compressed and archived. If they are, they will end with the file type .gz. Before you can install the images to a floppy, they must be uncompressed with the gzip 
utility.

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Creating the Boot and Root Floppies</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>You can create the boot and root floppies either from DOS or from a running UNIX or Linux system. If you don't run DOS yet, or don't have a DOS boot disk, you will have to use another machine to create the floppies. Because the DOS-based floppy creation 
is the most common, we can deal with it first. This uses a utility called RAWRITE.EXE, which is included on the CD-ROM in the \DOSUTILS directory.

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<P>To create the boot and root floppies, you must use a utility program to write the image to diskette. If your image files are compressed (they will have a .gz) extension, they must first be uncompressed with the gzip utility. If you are working from 
CD-ROM, you will have to copy the files to a DOS hard disk since you can't write the uncompressed image to the CD-ROM. To uncompress a .gz file, issue the command

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