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<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E385" >Gopher and Linux</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E386" >Configuring Gopher</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E508" >The gopherd.conf File</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E509" >The gopherdlocal.conf File</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E510" >Setting Up the Makefile</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E511" >WAIS and Gopher</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E387" >Setting Up Your Gopher Directories</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E388" >Starting Gopher</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E389" >Letting the World Know</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E390" >Summary</A></UL></UL></UL>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<A NAME="E66E49"></A>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>49</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>
<BR>
<A NAME="E67E49"></A>
<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Setting Up a Gopher Service</B></FONT></CENTER></H2>
<BR>
<P>Gopher is one of the most useful Internet services available, because it is widely used by beginners and veterans alike. Gopher is a text-based file location system that leads you through a series of hierarchical menus to find specific files you want.
Setting up a Gopher site is really just a matter of configuring the Gopher server software and creating a number of logical directory structures with files indexed in a Gopher format.
<BR>
<P>Gopher works by having a client program (started by a user) connect to a Gopher server and retrieve information about files available on the Internet (or local area network, if the Gopher server is limited to that area). At the end of 1995, there were
more than 6,000 Gopher servers on the Internet, all accessible by anyone with a Gopher client. Those servers contain information about more than 10 million items, ranging from text files to movies, sounds, images, and many types of application binaries.
Gopher enables you to display and manipulate lists of files, looking for items of interest to you.
<BR>
<P>If you or the users of your Linux system want to connect to another Gopher server, you need a Gopher client. There are several clients available with Linux distributions, on FTP and BBS sites, and through several other sources. If you don't want to
allow users (or yourself) to start a Gopher client, you can use telnet to connect to sites known as public Gopher clients. These sites allow you to log in as an anonymous user and access the Gopher system. Most Gopher client packages offer more than just
Gopher programs. Typical Gopher clients enable you to access WAIS indexes, use FTP, and to some extent, interwork with the World Wide Web.
<BR>
<P>This chapter looks at how you can set up a Gopher server, allowing others to access your machine's Gopher listings. Although we won't go into detail about how you should structure your Gopher service, you will see how to configure your software.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E385"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Gopher and Linux</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>There are currently two versions of Gopher available for Linux systems: Gopher and Gopher+ (Gopher Plus). Gopher is freely available, but Gopher+ is a commercial product. The difference between the two is functionality. If the additional capabilities of
Gopher+ are important to you and your Gopher site, you may want to consider purchasing the product. Essentially, Gopher+ adds the following features:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>Makes extended file information available
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Offers a description of a file
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Can retrieve multiple versions of a file at one time (such as ASCII and PostScript simultaneously)
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Allows file retrieval based on search criteria determined by the user
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<P>Gopher+ works with Gopher, but Gopher cannot use the advanced features of Gopher+. Gopher+ and Gopher both work with WWW browsers. Gopher+ licenses tend to cost about $100 or $500, depending on the site's conditions.
<BR>
<P>The versions of Gopher usually offered with Linux come from one of two sources: University of Minnesota Gopher and Gopher+, or GN Public License Gopher. The most recent public version of UM Gopher is version 1.3 (version 2.13 is free only to educational
institutions), but the university is no longer working on the freeware Gopher product, instead concentrating on the commercial Gopher+ product. The GN Public License Gopher includes a WWW service but does not provide full functionality at present.
<BR>
<P>Gopher uses a TCP/IP family protocol known, surprisingly enough, as the Gopher protocol. This is a fairly simple request-answer protocol that is implemented for speed. When Gopher transfers information about a file it knows about (called a Gopher menu
file), it follows a set format. The format used by Gopher is:
<BR>
<BR>
<PRE>
<FONT COLOR="#000080"><type><display_name><selector_string><hostname><port></FONT></PRE>
<P>The fields in the Gopher menu file have the following meanings:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>type—A one-character description of the item (see the next bulleted list for valid codes).
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>display_name—The menu or display name, followed by a tab character.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>selector_string—A unique identifier for a document on each server (usually based on the filename). The selector string is followed by a tab character.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>hostname—The host where the file resides, followed by a tab character.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>port—The port to access the host, followed by a carriage return/line feed pair (usually port 70).
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<P>The Gopher+ version of the system adds a few new attributes to each line, including the name of the system administrator responsible for the service, a simple description of the document type (text, for example), the language the file is written in, the
last date the file was updated, and the size in bytes.
<BR>
<P>When a user wants to retrieve a file through the Gopher system, the hostname and port are used to create the connection to the remote server, while the selector string can be used to identify the file to be downloaded.
<BR>
<P>There are several types of files supported by Gopher, all given a unique one-character type code. The following is a list of valid codes:
<BR>
<TABLE BORDERCOLOR=#000040 BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING=2 >
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
0
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Plain text file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
1
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Directory</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
2
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
CSO phonebook server (the hostname is the machine to connect to, the selector string is blank)</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
3
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Error</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
4
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
BinHex Macintosh file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
5
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Binary DOS archive file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
6
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
UNIX uuencoded file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
7
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Index-search server</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
8
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Pointer to text-based telnet session (hostname is the machine name to connect to and selector string is the name to log in as)</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
9
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Binary file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
g
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
GIF file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
h
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
HTML document</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
I
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Graphic image</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
i
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Unselectable inline text</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
M
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
MIME-encapsulated mail document</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
P
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Adobe PDF file</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
s
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Sound</FONT>
<TR>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
T
</FONT>
<TD VALIGN=top BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>
Pointer to 3270 telnet session (hostname is machine to connect to and selector string is login name)</FONT>
</TABLE><P>The Gopher system uses a number of other files on a Linux system, all of which must exist. The files necessary for Gopher are as follows:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>tn3270 or similar 3270 emulator—Used for telnet 3270 connections.
<BR>
<BR>
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