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<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<P>
<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E1" >What This Book Is Not</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E4" >What Is Linux?</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E2" >How to Pronounce Linux</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E3" >Linux Versus UNIX</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E5" >What Do I Get with a Linux System?</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E6" >The Downside of Linux and the Reason for This Book</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E7" >About Linux's Copyright</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E8" >Hardware Requirements</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E4" >Other Hardware Requirements</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E5" >Special Requirements for X</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E9" >Before You Get Started</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E10" >Summary</A></UL></UL></UL>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<A NAME="E66E1"></A>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>1</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>
<BR>
<A NAME="E67E1"></A>
<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Introduction to Linux</B></FONT></CENTER></H2>
<BR>
<P>Welcome to Linux.
<BR>
<P>This book is about Linux, a clone of the UNIX operating system that runs on machines with an Intel 80386 processor or better, as well as Intel-compatible CPUs, such as AMD and Cyrix.
<BR>
<P>This first chapter introduces you to the major features of Linux and helps get you acquainted with them. It does not go into great detail or cover any advanced topics, as this is done in later chapters. Instead, it is intended to give you a head start
in understanding what Linux is, what Linux offers you, and what you need to run it.
<BR>
<P>Don't be afraid to experiment. The system won't bite you. You can't destroy anything by working on it. UNIX has some amount of security built in, to prevent "normal" users (the role you will now assume) from damaging files that are essential
to the system. The absolute worst thing that can happen is that you'll delete all of your files and have to go back and reinstall the system. So, at this point, you have nothing to lose.
<BR>
<P>One word of caution when reading this chapter: At times it will delve into topics that may seem very alien to you, especially if you are new to UNIX and Linux. Don't despair. As you go through this book, you will become more and more familiar with the
topics introduced here. Linux is not an easy system to pick up in one day, so don't try to do it. There is no substitute for experience, so relax and learn Linux at your own pace.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E69E1"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>What This Book Is Not</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<P>This book makes several assumptions about you, the reader. I hope we can safely assume that you have some working knowledge of PCs and Microsoft's Disk Operating System (MS-DOS). (In some Linux documentation, MS-DOS is also referred to as "messy
DOS," but I'll let you be the judge of that!) If you are not familiar with DOS or computers in general, now would be a good time to pick up a book to introduce yourself to PCs. Even so, you should be able to follow this book without needing any extra
material.
<BR>
<P>Some readers of this book will be familiar with UNIX. If that's the case, a lot of the early material will be familiar to you, especially when we talk about the shells. If you are new to UNIX, don't be concerned: This book was written with you in mind
and should guide you through your early hesitant sessions at the console and show you everything you need to know. Pretty soon, you'll be an expert! Now, let's get started with Linux.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E4"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>What Is Linux?</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>Linux is a free, UNIX work-alike designed for Intel processors on PC architecture machines. Linux is not UNIX, as UNIX is a copyrighted piece of software that demands license fees when any part of its source code is used. Linux was written from scratch
to avoid license fees entirely, although the operation of the Linux operating system is based entirely on UNIX. It shares UNIX's command set and look-and-feel, so if you know either UNIX or Linux, you know the other, too.
<BR>
<P>Linux supports a wide range of software, from TeX (a text formatting language) to X (a graphical user interface) to the GNU C/C++ compilers to TCP/IP networking. Linux is also compliant with the POSIX.1 standard, so porting applications between Linux
and UNIX systems is a snap.
<BR>
<P>New users of UNIX and Linux may be a bit intimidated by the size and apparent complexity of the system before them. There are many good books on using UNIX out there, for all levels of expertise ranging from novice to expert. However, few (if any) of
these books cover, specifically, the topic of using Linux. Although 95 percent of using Linux is exactly like using other UNIX systems, the most straightforward way to get going on your new system is with a book tailored for Linux (such as this one,
amazingly enough!).
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E69E2"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>How to Pronounce Linux</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<P>Pronouncing the word Linux is one of the great controversies of the Linux world. Americans pronounce the proper name Linus with a long i sound, as in style. However, because Linux was originally based on a small, PC-based implementation of UNIX called
Minix (pronounced with a short i), the actual pronunciation of Linux preserves this characteristic: It's officially pronounced "LIH nucks."
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E69E3"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Linux Versus UNIX</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<P>UNIX is a trademark of X/Open. Linux is not a trademark, and has no connection to the trademark UNIX or X/Open.
<BR>
<P>UNIX is one of the most popular operating systems worldwide because of its large support base and distribution. It was originally developed as a multitasking system for minicomputers and mainframes in the mid-1970s, but it has since grown to become one
of the most widely used operating systems anywhere, despite its sometimes confusing interface and lack of central standardization.
<BR>
<P>UNIX is a multitasking, multiuser operating system. This means that there can be many people using one computer at the same time, running many different applications. (This differs from MS-DOS, where only one person can use the system at any one time.)
<BR>
<P>Under UNIX, for users to identify themselves to the system, they must log in, which entails two steps: Entering your login name (the name by which the system identifies you), and entering your password, which is your personal secret key to logging in to
your account. Because only you know your password, no one else can log in to the system under your username.
<BR>
<P>In addition, each UNIX system has a hostname assigned to it. It is this hostname that gives your machine a name, gives it character, class, and charm. The hostname is used to identify individual machines on a network, but even if your machine isn't
networked, it should have a hostname.
<BR>
<P>Versions of UNIX exist for many systems, ranging from personal computers to supercomputers. Most versions of UNIX for personal computers are quite expensive and cumbersome. Where does Linux fit in? Well, Linux is free (solves the expensive part), very
powerful, and easy to install and maintain by an individual (so much for the cumbersome part).
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E5"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>What Do I Get with a Linux System?</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>Linux is a freely distributable version of UNIX developed primarily by Linus Torvalds at the University of Helsinki in Finland. Linux was further developed with the help of many UNIX programmers and wizards across the Internet, allowing anyone with
enough know-how and gumption to hack a custom UNIX kernel the ability to develop and change the system.
<BR>
<P>UNIX and its clones have long been perceived as large, resource-hungry, disk-devouring systems. Linux is not such a beast. It is small, fast, and flexible.
<BR>
<P>Linux has been publicly available since around November of 1991. v0.10 went out in November of 1991, v0.11 in December of 1991. There are very few small bugs now, and in its current state Linux is mostly useful for people who are willing to port code
and write new code. Because Linux is very close to a reliable and stable system, Linus decided that v0.13 will be known as v0.95.
<BR>
<P>So what are some of the important features of Linux that make it so unique? Here are a few:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>Full multitasking and 32-bit support. Linux, like all other versions of UNIX, is a real multitasking system, allowing multiple users to run many programs on the same system at once. Linux is also a full 32-bit operating system, utilizing the special
protected-mode features of Intel 80386 and later processors and their work-alikes.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The X Window System. The X Window System is the de facto industry-standard graphics system for UNIX machines. A complete version of the X Window System, known as XFree86, is available for Linux. The X Window System is a very powerful graphics
interface, supporting many applications.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) support. This is the set of protocols that links millions of university and business computers into a worldwide network known as the Internet. With an Ethernet connection, you can have access to
the Internet or to a local area network from your Linux system. Using SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Protocol), you can access the Internet over phone lines with a modem.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Virtual memory and shared libraries. Linux can use a portion of your hard drive as virtual memory, expanding your total amount of available RAM. Linux also implements shared libraries, allowing programs that use standard subroutines to find the code
for these subroutines in the libraries at runtime. This saves a large amount of space on your system; each application doesn't store its own copy of these common routines.
<BR>
<BR>
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