rhl02.htm

linux的初学电子书

<P>So, you may well ask, why am I showing you how to get Linux from the Internet when you already have it on a CD? Well, some of the files on the CD might be different a year from now. In fact, some of the locations you see listed here might be different, 
too. By showing you how to find out more, you can use the archie method at a later time to locate updates to Linux and more information easily.

<BR>

<P>If you want to learn more about the Internet and archie, read The Internet Unleashed (Sams Publishing, 1994).

<BR>

<P>I used the telnet program to log into <A HREF="telnet://archie.internic.net">archie.internic.net</A>, a good site from which to use the archie program. The archie program is a searching utility for locating files on the Internet by specifying keywords. 
I logged in with the name archie and didn't have to provide a password. (See Listing 2.1.)

<BR>

<P>The archie&gt; prompt is where I issued the find Linux command. The search type of sub means that we'll ask archie to search for all strings in its database with the word Linux anywhere in it.

<BR>

<P>The output from Listing 2.1 shows only a few files. I have edited it to fit in the book. Your listing won't match.

<BR>

<P>

<FONT COLOR="#000080"><B>Listing 2.1. Using archie to find Linux.</B></FONT>

<BR>

<PRE>

<FONT COLOR="#000080">$ telnet archie.internic.net

...

login: archie

******************************************************************

Welcome to the InterNIC Directory and Database Server.

******************************************************************

# Bunyip Information Systems, 1993, 1994

# Terminal type set to 'vt100 24 80'.

# 'erase' character is '^?'.

# 'search' (type string) has the value 'sub'.

archie&gt; find Linux

# Search type: sub.

# Your queue position: 1

# Estimated time for completion: 16 seconds.

working...

Host unix.hensa.ac.uk (129.12.43.16)

Last updated 23:37 22 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/sunsite/pub

DIRECTORY drwxr-xr-x 1024 bytes 21:32 16 Nov 1994 Linux

Host unix.hensa.ac.uk (129.12.43.16)

Last updated 23:37 22 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/walnut.creek/XFree86/binaries

DIRECTORY drwxr-xr-x 1536 bytes 20:26 13 Nov 1994 Linux

Host romulus.ucs.uoknor.edu (129.15.10.20)

Last updated 18:31 16 Nov 1994

Location: /

FILE -rwxrwxrwx 13 bytes 15:05 12 Nov 1994 Linux

Host ftp.germany.eu.net (192.76.144.75)

Last updated 23:39 6 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/os

DIRECTORY drwxrwxr-x 512 bytes 01:44 5 Nov 1994 Linux

Host csc.canberra.edu.au (137.92.1.1)

Last updated 03:23 6 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/ise

DIRECTORY drwxr-xr-x 1024 bytes 18:49 31 Oct 1994 Linux

Host power.ci.uv.es (147.156.1.3)

Last updated 21:12 23 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/linux/docs/faqs

FILE -r&#151;r&#151;r&#151; 96319 bytes 16:25 30 Oct 1994 Linux-FAQ

Host ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu (141.142.20.50)

Last updated 20:06 11 Nov 1994

Location: /HDF/contrib

DIRECTORY drwxrwxr-x 512 bytes 01:02 30 Oct 1994 Linux

 [24;1H[K:[24;1H[24;1H[K

Host romulus.ucs.uoknor.edu (129.15.10.20)

Last updated 18:31 16 Nov 1994

Location: /mirrors/Linux/docs/faqs

FILE -rwxrwxrwx 15 bytes 00:56 30 Oct 1994 Linux-FAQ

Host monu1.cc.monash.edu.au (130.194.1.101)

Last updated 21:27 17 Oct 1994

Location: /pub/linux/docs/faqs

FILE -rw-r&#151;r&#151; 96568 bytes 23:39 21 Sep 1994 Linux-FAQ

Host dutiws.twi.tudelft.nl (130.161.156.11)

Last updated 03:10 23 Nov 1994

Location: /pub

DIRECTORY drwxrwxr-x 512 bytes 10:31 29 Aug 1994 Linux

Host telva.ccu.uniovi.es (156.35.31.31)

Last updated 22:27 23 Nov 1994

Location: /uniovi/mathdept/src

DIRECTORY drwxr-xr-x 1024 bytes 10:36 28 Jul 1994 Linux

Host neptune.ethz.ch (129.132.101.33)

Last updated 17:38 15 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/Oberon

DIRECTORY drwxrwxr-x 512 bytes 07:31 22 Jul 1994 Linux

Host ftp.germany.eu.net (192.76.144.75)

Last updated 23:39 6 Nov 1994

Location: /pub/os/Linux/Local.EUnet/Kernel/Linus/net-source

DIRECTORY drwxr-xr-x 512 bytes 04:23 19 Jul 1994 Linux

archie&gt; find LDP

# Search type: sub.

# Your queue position: 1

# Estimated time for completion: 16 seconds.

working...

Host hpcsos.col.hp.com (15.255.240.16)

Last updated 18:49 13 Nov 1994

Location: /mirrors/.scsi0/linux/docs

FILE -rwxr-xr-x 17 bytes 20:42 4 Nov 1994 LDP

Host romulus.ucs.uoknor.edu (129.15.10.20)

Last updated 18:31 16 Nov 1994

Location: /mirrors/Linux/docs

FILE -rwxrwxrwx 17 bytes 23:14 24 Oct 1994 LDP

Host mcsun.eu.net (192.16.202.2)

Last updated 20:32 10 Nov 1994

Location: /os/linux/doc

FILE -rwxrwxrwx 12 bytes 14:22 18 Sep 1994 LDP

archie&gt;quit</FONT></PRE>

<BR>

<A NAME="E68E14"></A>

<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Common Extensions for Filenames</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

<BR>

<P>Table 2.1 is a list of common filename extensions for the files you will see in Linux archives. The fname in the following table implies the filename with which you want to work.

<BR>

<BR>

<P ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT COLOR="#000080"><B>Table 2.1. File extensions used in Linux releases.</B></FONT></CENTER>

<BR>



<TABLE  BORDERCOLOR=#000040 BORDER=1 CELLSPACING=2 WIDTH="100%" CELLPADDING=2 >

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

<I>Extension</I>

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

<I>Used By</I></FONT>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

.Z

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

compress/uncompress. Use uncompress fname foo.Z to uncompress the file, where fname is the name of the file that was uncompressed.</FONT>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

.z, .gz gzip.

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

gzip is now used by many archive sites instead of compress. If you don't have gzip on your system, get it! To uncompres<A NAME="I2"></A>s one of these files, use gzip -d fname.z. .gz is the new gzip extension.</FONT>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

.tar

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

Tar file. Use tar xvf fname.tar to unpack it. Or you can use tar tvf fname.tar to get an index listing of the tar file.</FONT>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

.taz

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

Compressed tar file. You can do something such as zcat fname.taz | tar xvf - or tar xvfz fname.taz to unpack it (some versions of tar don't have the z option).</FONT>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

.tpz, .tgz

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

gzipped tar file. If you have gzip, zcat is linked to it, so you can do zcat foo.tpz | tar xvf to unpack it.</FONT>

<TR>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

.tpz

</FONT>

<TD VALIGN=top  BGCOLOR=#80FFFF ><FONT COLOR=#000080>

The old extension. All gzipped tar files should now end in .tgz instead.</FONT>

</TABLE><P>Most distributions use gzipped tar files with the tgz extension.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E68E15"></A>

<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Obtaining Linux from BBSs</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

<BR>

<P>A bulletin board system (BBS) enables you to transfer messages and files via your phone line. All you need is a computer with communications software and a modem. Some BBSs transfer messages among each other, forming large computer networks similar to 
USENET. The most popular of these in the U.S. are FidoNet and RIME.

<BR>

<P>Linux is available from various BBSs worldwide. Some of the BBSs on FidoNet carry comp.os.linux as a FidoNet conference.

<BR>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

<BR>

<NOTE>While you are installing Linux, you might get the error You may have inserted the wrong disk when you insert the next disk in a series.

<BR>Each disk has a small file on it that contains the name of the disk. For example, the SLS a3 disk has a file on it called diska3. If it doesn't exist, or is named something else (such as diska3.z), create it or rename it. If you copied the files to the 
SLS floppies using copy *.*, you probably missed the diska3 file because it doesn't have an extension in the filename.

<BR>Also, the last disk in a series (for example, the a4 or b5 disk) has a file on it called install.end. You need this file as well. These files are used by the installation programs to keep track of when to stop installing a package.</NOTE>

<BR>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>

<BR>

<A NAME="E68E16"></A>

<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Accessing DOS Files from Linux</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

<BR>

<P>Linux supports several features that you can use to access your DOS files from Linux. With the mtools package, included with most distributions of Linux, you can use commands such as mcopy and mdir to access your DOS files. Another option is to mount a 
DOS partition or floppy directly under Linux, which gives you direct access to your files by way of the DOS file system.

<BR>

<P>You will find the mtools package indispensable if you have to swap files between DOS and Linux. When you first start Linux from a DOS machine, it's comforting to know that you can transfer files easily between two machines that are running different 
operating systems, so don't worry; you will not have to give up your familiar DOS environment.

<BR>

<P>Why use mtools if you can just mount a DOS drive? mtools is good if you want to do something quickly&#151;for example, if you want to get directories on a bunch of floppies. The mount procedure requires you to mount the drive, get a directory, and then 
umount it. With mtools you can get the directory with one command.

<BR>

<P>mtools also comes with the Slackware release of Linux and is available in source-code form on most Linux FTP sites. This mtools source tree can prove to be interesting reading, especially if you are a programmer.

<BR>

<P>There is also DOS Emulator available for Linux, and work is beginning on a Microsoft Windows emulator to run under the X Window system. The DOS Emulator isn't perfect, so don't expect to play DOOM on it&#151;Dosemu is still in the development stages. 
You can use it to run some standard applications such as WordPerfect 5.1, Quicken, and Lotus 1-2-3. At the time I wrote this, Dosemu was slow and crashed frequently. However, you can work with it for some quick tasks.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E68E17"></A>

<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Summary</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

<BR>

<P>This chapter has given you a whirlwind tour of what's actually available for Linux. You also learned about Linux releases and how to interpret the release numbers. Each Linux release consists of several disk sets. Some of these files in a disk set are 
just labels, and some are called packages. A package is generally a compressed tar archive containing binary files and directory trees.

<BR>

<P>Finally, for DOS fans, Linux provides a host of tools to read or write DOS disks and files. There is even an experimental DOS emulator for you to run DOS programs under Linux. Any DOS partitions can be mounted to appear as directory trees, so you can 
still work with your data on DOS disks.

<P ALIGN=LEFT>

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