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<H2>Red Hat Linux Unleashed rhl02.htm</H2>
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<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<P>
<UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E11" >Linux Releases</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E12" >What's a Linux Release?</A>
<UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E69E6" >Other Linux Information Sources</A></UL>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E13" >Finding Linux Updates on the Internet</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E14" >Common Extensions for Filenames</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E15" >Obtaining Linux from BBSs</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E16" >Accessing DOS Files from Linux</A>
<LI>
<A HREF="#E68E17" >Summary</A></UL></UL></UL>
<HR ALIGN=CENTER>
<A NAME="E66E2"></A>
<H1 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>2</B></FONT></CENTER></H1>
<BR>
<A NAME="E67E2"></A>
<H2 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=6 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Types of Linux Available</B></FONT></CENTER></H2>
<BR>
<P>This chapter covers the many types of Linux systems and distributions available. I strongly recommend that you read this chapter at least once before starting the installation process. Included in this chapter are the following topics:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>The various distribution types in Linux
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The types of disk sets for each distribution
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Which distribution sets are important for you
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to look for files on the CD-ROM
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to get Linux from FTP sites
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to get Linux from BBS sites
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>How to find FTP sites where you can get Linux updates
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E11"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Linux Releases</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>There are many independent releases of Linux, each with its own list of unique features. Some of these releases are available free of charge if you have access to the Internet. Some releases are available for a nominal fee ($20 to $90) for distribution
on CD-ROM or disks. Typically, the CD-ROM versions are cheaper and are easier to use than the floppy-disk distributions because the cost of one CD-ROM is less than the cost of 30 or more floppy disks. Another plus for the CD-ROM is the convenience of
having everything on one source media. It beats swapping disks!
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E12"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>What's a Linux Release?</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>A Linux release is a set of files for a complete Linux system. Various changes made by the Linux community are incorporated into each release.
<BR>
<P>Linux releases are identified by numbers. These numbers are of the form X.YY.ZZ, where X is between 0 and 9, and YY and ZZ are numbers between 0 and 99. Generally, the higher the number, the newer the release. Some release numbers also include pNN,
where NN is a number between 1 and 20. These refer to patches to a specific Linux version (a patch is a fix or an update to the software). For example, 0.99p15 would mean the fifteenth patch to the Linux release 0.99.
<BR>
<P>A release consists of several components called series of disks, or a collection of disks. For example, the X series of disks comes on 10 disks. Each series is referred to by its name. A name generally tells you who put the software together and what
its date is.
<BR>
<P>Some of the releases of Linux are as follows:
<BR>
<UL>
<LI>The Red Hat Software Inc. Release
<BR>This is a release of Linux from Red Hat Software Inc. The latest version is 3.0.3, which is included on the CD-ROM at the back of this book.
<BR>The highlight of the installation package is the Red Hat Packet Manager (RPM). Using the RPM enables you to safely install and uninstall packages. By far, the uninstall capability of the package is the best feature because most upgrades to critical
packages require a complete Linux installation. Red Hat Linux is also notable for the ability to install from an X session, assuming the video card and monitor are supported by Linux.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Slackware
<BR>This is a popular release of Linux included with this book's sister books: Linux Unleashed Second Edition and Linux System Administrator's Survival Guide. You can get versions of this release on CD-ROM from various vendors for about $25.
<BR>The primary distributor for this release is Patrick Volkerding, who can be reached at <A HREF="mailto:volkerdi@mhdl.moorhead.msus.edu">volkerdi@mhdl.moorhead.msus.edu</A>.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The Softlanding Linux System Release (SLS)
<BR>This release consists of about 23 disks for Linux and 10 for X11. The first disk (a1) must be "rawritten" (using rawrite.exe in <A HREF="rhl03.htm" tppabs="http://202.113.16.101/%7eeb%7e/Red%20Hat%20Linux%20Unleashed/rhl03.htm">Chapter 3</A>, "Installing and Updating Linux") on floppies, and the rest of the
images must be put onto DOS-formatted floppies using the DOS copy command. This release contains all the software package(s) you need to get started with Linux, and for newcomers it is easy to install.
<BR>The SLS release can also be found at <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#71" tppabs="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/">tsx-11.mit.edu</A> in the directory /pub/linux/packages/SLS and on <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#72" tppabs="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/">sunsite.unc.edu</A> in the directory /pub/Linux/SLS. By snail mail, SLS is available
from
<BR>Softlanding Software
<BR>910 Lodge Ave.
<BR>Victoria, B.C.
<BR>Canada V8X-3A8
<BR>(604) 360-0188
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The TAMU (Texas A&M University) Linux Release
<BR>This release is supposedly like the SLS release, but it has some different software packages and a different installation procedure than SLS. The installation procedure is the main difference from SLS. A single boot diskette, which boots directly into
an automated installation program, is used. This installation program asks a few questions about the desired configuration and sets up everything, including your file systems, booting from the hard drive with LILO (see <A HREF="rhl05.htm" tppabs="http://202.113.16.101/%7eeb%7e/Red%20Hat%20Linux%20Unleashed/rhl05.htm">Chapter 5</A>,
"Odds and Ends") and a simplified X configuration.
<BR>This release is a full-featured package, including X Window, emacs, networking tools, boot utilities, and a list of sources for all installation programs without any use restrictions. TAMU is available from <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#73" tppabs="ftp://sc.tamu.edu/">sc.tamu.edu</A>
in pub/free_unix4.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>H.J. Lu's bootable rootdisk
<BR>This is a release of the Linux kernel and basic binaries on a single floppy. It, along with Lu's gccdisk, libdisk, and so on, is good for upgrading or installing a basic Linux system by hand. It's not recommended for newcomers, because there's no real
install script; it's mostly meant as an upgrade of the basic system software.
<BR>H.J. Lu's bootable rootdisk release is found at <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#71" tppabs="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/">tsx-11.mit.edu</A>: in the directory /pub/linux/packages/GCC.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The Manchester Computing Centre Interim Release
<BR>This is the fabled MCC-Interim Linux release, which was originally the de facto standard Linux distribution. This release has almost all of the important Linux software, such as Slackware, but does not contain emacs or X Window.
<BR>MCC-Interim can be found on <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#72" tppabs="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/">sunsite.unc.edu</A> in the directory /pub/Linux/distributions/MCC and also at <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#74" tppabs="ftp://ftp.mcc.ac.uk/">ftp.mcc.ac.uk</A> in the directory /pub/linux/mcc-interim.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Trans-Ameritech
<BR>This is available only on CD-ROM. The CD-ROM offers a complete, uncompressed, bootable Linux file system. This feature has two distinct advantages: You have instant access to the file of your choice without having to uncompress or unzip any archives,
and it saves the disk space that you would use uncompressing these archives.
<BR>The CD-ROM is based on the Slackware distribution of Linux with all the source code, an uncompressed file system, and NetBSD source and binary distribution.
<BR>To minimize the possibility of hardware conflicts, many extra kernels are provided for different configurations. They are usable for installation and normal use. Many online documents are provided for quick reference, including the Linux Documentation
Project files in source, dvi, and ps formats. This distribution also includes the FlexFax, a package that enables you to send and receive faxes on either class 1 or class 2 fax modems.
<BR>To help first-time Linux users, many of the provided documentation files are readable from DOS even before Linux is installed.
<BR>All source files for Linux are available on the CD-ROM. The most often needed source code files are uncompressed and can be used directly from the CD-ROM. An uncompressed Linux file system is available for reference and disk-space conservation. You can
run programs directly from the CD-ROM. There is a large information directory, including many man pages, for online reference.
<BR>For a hacker's reference, an uncompressed FreeBSD source tree is provided. You can order by phone (408) 727-3883, or e-mail at <A HREF="mailto:roman@trans-am.com">roman@trans-am.com</A>.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>The Linux Support Team Erlang Distribution (LST)
<BR>This release is for you if you speak German. The menus, manuals, and installation instructions are in German. You can get this release from <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#75" tppabs="ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/">ftp.uni-erlangen.de</A> under /pub/Linux/LST.distribution.
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>Yggdrasil Plug-and-Play Linux
<BR>This is a complete CD-ROM distribution of the Linux operating system. It includes a great deal of software covering nearly every package that you would expect to find on a complete UNIX system. A complete file list is available via FTP from <A
HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#76" tppabs="ftp://yggdrasil.com/">yggdrasil.com</A>.
<BR>They also offer The Linux Bible, a full library of Linux and UNIX documentation, including three books from the Linux Documentation Project, their Yggdrasil installation manual, and the complete set of Linux HOWTO guides.
<BR>Yggdrasil's Plug-and-Play Linux is named for plug-and-play operation, which means that you can place a floppy in drive A, turn the computer on, and answer all the questions. That's all there is to installation. The reality is a little more complicated,
because you have to know whether your hardware is compatible before you begin.
<BR>The login screen lists a number of preconfigured usernames, including install, which installs the system, giving paragraphs of explanation about every question it asks the user.
<BR>The install script even searches for a modem, and upon finding it, configures mail and UUCP so that mail sent to an Internet address is transparently delivered through a bulletin-board system at Yggdrasil. Some people might not like this, so don't say
that I didn't warn you!
<BR>The X Window configuration is automated, too, with forms to fill in as you run X for the first time, as well as a graphical control panel that enables additional forms for configuration of networking, SLIP, outgoing UUCP, the printer, and so on. You
can call them, toll-free, in the U.S. at (800) 261-6630 or e-mail them at <A HREF="mailto:info@ygg-drasil.com">info@ygg-drasil.com</A>.
<BR>Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated
<BR>4880 Stevens Creek Blvd., Suite 205
<BR>San Jose, CA 95129-1034
<BR>
<BR>
<LI>InfoMagic Developer's Resource CD-ROM Kit
<BR>This is a complete snapshot of the <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#72" tppabs="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/">sunsite.unc.edu</A> and <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#71" tppabs="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/">tsx-11.mit.edu</A> archives. It also includes the complete GNU software collection (in source form). The following Linux
distributions are included on the discs: Slackware, Debian, SLS, TAMU, MCC, and JE (Japanese Extensions).
<BR> The Linux HOWTO documents have been formatted for use with the Microsoft Multimedia Viewer (which is included) to allow browsing and full text search under Microsoft Windows. You can contact them at (800) 800-6613 or via e-mail at <A
HREF="mailto:Orders@InfoMagic.com">Orders@InfoMagic.com</A>.
<BR>The contents of the CDs can also be found at the site <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#77" tppabs="ftp://infomagic.com/">InfoMagic.com</A> in the directory
<BR>/pub/Linux or <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#78" tppabs="ftp://ftp.uu.net/">ftp.uu.net</A> in the directory /vendor/InfoMagic/cd-roms/linux.
<BR>
<BR>
</UL>
<P>There you have it. This list of locations where you can get Linux from is incomplete. In fact, I should apologize to the folks whose company names didn't get listed here. There was not enough time for me to fully review all the distributions before this
book went to press. If you would like a more complete list, please look at the newsgroups <A HREF="news:comp.os.linux.announce">comp.os.linux.announce</A> and <A HREF="news:comp.os.linux.misc">comp.os.linux.misc</A>.
<BR>
<P>The document Distribution-HOWTO is archived on a number of Linux FTP sites, including <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs0.htm#72" tppabs="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/">sunsite.unc.edu</A> in pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E69E6"></A>
<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Other Linux Information Sources</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>
<BR>
<P>If you like magazines, you will love The Linux Journal, a monthly publication covering the Linux community. Most material in LJ is new (that is, derived from a bunch of USENET newsgroup topics). Each issue includes columns and articles on Linux
programming, GNU, Free Software Foundation issues, systems administration, questions and answers, interviews, and more. This is a darn good magazine. You can reach the publishers at
<BR>
<UL>
<UL>
<P>Linux Journal
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P>P.O. Box 85867
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P>Seattle, WA 98145-1867
</UL></UL>
<UL>
<UL>
<P>(206) 527-3385
<BR>
</UL></UL>
<P>If you want to keep up-to-date with the latest releases of Linux, try to get quarterly updates to your Linux system via a subscription to Morse Telecommunication, Inc.'s Linux Quarterly CD-ROM. Each CD contains the complete contents of tsx-11.mit.edu.
This is one of the most popular Internet Linux sites. It provides both source and binary files of major Linux distributions, utilities, source code, and documentation. This quarterly update includes Slackware, SLS, MCC, and Debian releases of Linux. Get
information through e-mail from <A HREF="mailto:order@morse.net">order@morse.net</A>.
<BR>
<P>Lastly, the Linux Systems Labs (<A HREF="mailto:dirvin@vela.acs.oakland.edu">dirvin@vela.acs.oakland.edu</A>) can also provide commercial software for Linux, including manuals, database applications, and other applications software not in the shareware
or public domain. You can contact Linux Systems Labs at (800) 432-0556.
<BR>
<BR>
<A NAME="E68E13"></A>
<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>
<CENTER>
<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Finding Linux Updates on the Internet</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>
<BR>
<P>As I mentioned previously, a CD-ROM is not the only place for you to get Linux or information about Linux. After all, you might not have a CD-ROM reader. If you don't, you aren't out of luck. You can still get Linux goodies from the Internet sites in
the following listing. The catch is that you have to be on the Internet.
<BR>
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