rhl58.htm

linux的初学电子书

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commdlg

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Common Windows Dialogs</FONT>

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gdi

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Graphics Device Interface</FONT>

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kernel

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Kernel Interface</FONT>

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keyboard

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Keyboard Interface</FONT>

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mmsystem

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Multimedia System Interface</FONT>

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mouse

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Mouse Interface</FONT>

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shell

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Windows 3.1 Shell API Library</FONT>

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sound

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Windows sound system</FONT>

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toolhelp

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Debugging and tools helper calls</FONT>

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user

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Microsoft Windows User Interface</FONT>

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win87em

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Coprocessor/Emulator Library</FONT>

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winsock

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Windows Socket interface (TCP/IP)</FONT>

</TABLE><P>Wine requires access to some parts of MS Windows to use features that are not implemented by Wine. One example is the MS Windows dynamic link library OLECLI, which implements the OLE client. The Wine team has made significant headway in reducing 
the amount of files needed. The Wine project charter includes removing any dependency on MS Windows files. This includes utilities and file organizations to install MS Windows applications.

<BR>

<P>Some of the simplest MS Windows applications run today under Wine without need of any MS Windows code or access to any MS Windows directories. WINMINE.EXE and SOL.EXE are examples of such applications. Although no suggested directory organization exists 
to support this, a quick example of doing this is the following:

<BR>

<OL>

<LI>Copy winmine.exe and win.ini to a Linux directory such as /users/windows.

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Change the Windows path options in wine.conf, such as to /users/windows.

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Dismount your MS-DOS partition.

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>Run Wine.

<BR>

<BR>

</OL>

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<A NAME="E68E452"></A>

<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>

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<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Limitations of Wine</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

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<P>Only a few MS Windows software packages run correctly under Wine. Luckily it is possible to estimate how likely a program is to run correctly without actually running it. Unfortunately there are some classes of applications that are unlikely to ever run 
under Wine.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E585"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

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<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Software That Works</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

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<P>The most recent versions of Wine support a good number of the MS Windows applets and games included with the stock MS Windows 3.1. There are considerable variations between each release of Wine. Changes that help some applications often break others. 
But here are some of the accessories and games that work reasonably well under Wine:

<BR>

<UL>

<LI>calc.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>clock.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>cruel.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>golf.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>notepad.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>pipe.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>pegged.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>reversi.exe

<BR>

<BR>

<LI>winmine.exe

<BR>

<BR>

</UL>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E586"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Using </B><B>winestat</B><B> To Analyze Windows Programs</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>Part of Wine is the winestat utility. This is actually the same program as Wine, but instead of running an MS Windows executable, winestat simply attempts to load a Windows executable and reports on how successful the load was. In loading an executable, 
winestat also loads any DLLs necessary, and reports if any are missing. winestat looks for Windows API calls that are used by either the executable or any DLL, and verifies their existence. A sample winestat run on the MS Windows Paintbrush applet pbrush 
yields the following:

<BR>

<PRE>

<FONT COLOR="#000080">KERNEL.1 not implemented

KERNEL.54 not implemented

KERNEL.113 not implemented

KERNEL.114 not implemented

KERNEL.121 not implemented

KERNEL.154 not implemented

KERNEL.178 not implemented

KERNEL.207 not implemented

KERNEL: 52 of 60 (86.7 %)

USER: 150 of 150 (100.0 %)

GDI.151 not implemented

GDI.307 not implemented

GDI.366 not implemented

GDI.439 not implemented

GDI: 80 of 84 (95.2 %)

SHELL: 9 of 9 (100.0 %)

KEYBOARD: 2 of 2 (100.0 %)

TOTAL: 293 of 305 winapi functions implemented (96.1 %)</FONT></PRE>

<P>winestat calls out the individual functions by number and module that are not implemented by Wine. If you are curious as to the function name, rather than number, look at the Wine sources in the if1632 directory for the given module name's spec file. A 
sample kernel.spec file is as follows:

<BR>

<PRE>

<FONT COLOR="#000080">#1 FATALEXIT

#2 EXITKERNEL

3 pascal GetVersion() GetVersion()

...

...

...

#54 pascal16 GETINSTANCEDATA</FONT></PRE>

<P>Any line in a .spec file that starts with a # is considered a comment, not an implemented function. In this example, both 1 and 54 are commented, with the respective names of FATALEXIT, and GETINSTANCEDATA. FATALEXIT is used for debugging MS Windows 
programs under error conditions and is not important for most MS Windows users. GETINSTANCEDATA copies configuration data from a previous instance of an application. If you are running only one instance of an application, this does not apply.

<BR>

<P>The final percentage shows which MS Windows API calls are implemented. This is often a good measure of how much of an application could work under Wine. Unfortunately, if a single, unimplemented API call is needed to initialize your MS Windows 
application, anything less than 100 percent is not good enough.

<BR>

<P>MS Windows applications to which winestat gives an overall implementation rating over 95 percent are worth a try. Unlike DOSemu, Wine is not as prone to leaving Linux in an unusable state. However it is not always a trivial matter to kill an errant Wine 
session. The easiest thing to do is to start Wine with a separate desktop: wine -desktop 800&#180;600 filename. Normal methods of killing a Windows process from your window manager should work.

<BR>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

<BR>

<NOTE>When all else fails trying to stop an errant Wine session, switch to a free virtual console and kill the errant Wine process.

<BR>For example, Alt-Ctrl and F2 would switch to virtual console number 2. You can log into a virtual console and use ps -ax | grep wine to find your Wine sessions. Use kill -15 pid where pid is the process id returned by ps to stop the process. You can 
return to your X session by switching to the virtual console that is running X. If you don't know what console number that is, hold down the Alt and Ctrl keys, and press F1 through F8 until you find it.</NOTE>

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<HR ALIGN=CENTER>

</BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>

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<A NAME="E69E587"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Major Pieces That Are Missing from Wine</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>Perhaps the most obvious omission from Wine is the lack of a printer interface. As this is a complex process, work on a printer interface is little more than a few ideas. It would be a huge task to support all of the types of printers supported under MS 
Windows. Wine will likely implement only a PostScript driver. Existing Linux utilities such as GhostScript are already capable of converting PostScript to other types of printer types, such as HP laser and inkjet printers.

<BR>

<P>The 32-bit Windows API (win32) is mostly unsupported. This is the executable image format for Windows NT and Windows 95, and is known as PE (portable executable). Wine currently supports the loading of resource files, such as fonts, that are in PE 
format, but is unable to handle executables or DLLs.

<BR>

<BR>

<A NAME="E69E588"></A>

<H4 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=4 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>Software Unlikely to Ever Work</B></FONT></CENTER></H4>

<BR>

<P>The Wine project has no plans to support Windows Virtual Device Drivers. (VDDs). VDDs use a different image format, called LE for linear executable, that the Wine loader is unable to handle. Because VDDs do things like direct hardware manipulation, 
coexistence of a VDD with Linux device drivers would be a tough problem indeed. One of the uses of VDDs in commercial MS Windows is for TCP/IP stacks. Wine supports TCP/IP through the winsock DLL, which uses the TCP/IP inherent in the Linux kernel.

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<BR>

<A NAME="E68E453"></A>

<H3 ALIGN=CENTER>

<CENTER>

<FONT SIZE=5 COLOR="#FF0000"><B>History of Wine</B></FONT></CENTER></H3>

<BR>

<P>The first parts of Wine were made available in July 1993. The first versions had problems running the MS Windows Solitaire game, and were quite limited. Notably missing was support for menus. Since then a huge number of changes have been made by many 
dedicated people. It would be nearly impossible to mention everyone who contributed to Wine, or to parts of Linux that make Wine possible, but here is a list of people anyway:

<BR>

<P>Bob Amstadt, Dag Asheim, Martin Ayotte, Ross Biro, Uwe Bonnes, Erik Bos, Fons Botman, John Brezak, Andrew Bulhak, John Burton, Niels de Carpentier, Roman Dolejsi, Frans van Dorsselaer, Paul Falstad, Olaf Flebbe, Peter Galbavy, Ramon Garcia, Hans de 
Graaff, Charles M. Hannum, John Harvey, Cameron Heide, Jochen Hoenicke, Onno Hovers, Jeffrey Hsu, Miguel de Icaza, Jukka Iivonen, Alexandre Julliard, Jochen Karrer, Andreas Kirschbaum, Albrecht Kleine, Jon Konrath, Alex Korobka, Greg Kreider, Anand Kumria, 
Scott A. Laird, Martin von Loewis, Kenneth MacDonald, Peter MacDonald, William Magro, Juergen Marquardt, Marcus Meissner, Graham Menhennitt, David Metcalfe, Steffen Moeller, Philippe De Muyter, Itai Nahshon, Michael Patra, Jim Peterson, Robert Pouliot, 
Keith Reynolds, John Richardson, Johannes Ruscheinski, Thomas Sandford, Constantine Sapuntzakis, Daniel Schepler, Ulrich Schmid, Bernd Schmidt, Yngvi Sigurjonsson, Rick Sladkey, William Smith, Erik Svendsen, Tristan Tarrant, Andrew Taylor, Duncan C. 
Thomson, Goran Thyni, Jimmy Tirtawangsa, Jon Tombs, Linus Torvalds, Gregory Trubetskoy, Michael Veksler, Sven Verdoolaege, Eric Warnke, Manfred Weichel, Morten Welinder, Jan Willamowius, Carl Williams, Karl Guenter Wuensch, Eric Youngdale, and James 
Youngman.

<BR>

<P>For more information about the Wine project, get the FAQ at <A HREF="tppmsgs/msgs2.htm#203" tppabs="http://www.asgardpro.com/dave/wine-faq.html">http://www.asgardpro.com/dave/wine-faq.html</A><A NAME="I2"></A> or visit the project's home page at <A 
HREF="tppmsgs/msgs2.htm#200" tppabs="http://daedalus.dra.hmg.gb/gale/wine/wine.html">http://daedalus.dra.hmg.gb/gale/wine/wine.html</A>.

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