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📁 一份很好的linux入门资料
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<TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;highsun&nbsp;(&nbsp;&nbsp;),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;[转载]GRUB&nbsp;FAQ&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Thu&nbsp;Jul&nbsp;20&nbsp;21:34:16&nbsp;2000)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;FAQ&nbsp;<BR>[Japanese]&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>0.&nbsp;I&nbsp;have&nbsp;questions&nbsp;about&nbsp;GRUB!&nbsp;<BR>1.&nbsp;How&nbsp;does&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;differ&nbsp;from&nbsp;Erich's&nbsp;original&nbsp;GRUB?&nbsp;<BR>2.&nbsp;Can&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;boot&nbsp;my&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;from&nbsp;over&nbsp;8GB&nbsp;hard&nbsp;disks?&nbsp;<BR>3.&nbsp;Can&nbsp;I&nbsp;put&nbsp;Stage2&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;partition&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;over&nbsp;1024&nbsp;cylinders?&nbsp;<BR>4.&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;create&nbsp;a&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;boot&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;menu&nbsp;interface?&nbsp;<BR>5.&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;specify&nbsp;a&nbsp;partition?&nbsp;That&nbsp;seems&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;very&nbsp;different&nbsp;from&nbsp;my&nbsp;opera&nbsp;<BR>ting&nbsp;system...&nbsp;<BR>6.&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;recognize&nbsp;my&nbsp;GNU/Hurd&nbsp;partition.&nbsp;<BR>7.&nbsp;I've&nbsp;installed&nbsp;a&nbsp;recent&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;binutils,&nbsp;but&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;still&nbsp;crashes&nbsp;in&nbsp;th&nbsp;<BR>e&nbsp;bootstrap.&nbsp;<BR>8.&nbsp;How&nbsp;can&nbsp;I&nbsp;specify&nbsp;an&nbsp;arbitrary&nbsp;memory&nbsp;size&nbsp;to&nbsp;Linux?&nbsp;<BR>9.&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;boot&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;(or&nbsp;DOS)&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;non-first&nbsp;disk?&nbsp;<BR>10.&nbsp;Why&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;(FreeBSD,&nbsp;NetBSD,&nbsp;etc.)&nbsp;become&nbsp;Multiboot-compliant?&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>0.&nbsp;I&nbsp;have&nbsp;questions&nbsp;about&nbsp;GRUB!&nbsp;<BR>First&nbsp;of&nbsp;all,&nbsp;read&nbsp;the&nbsp;document&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;enough&nbsp;carefully.&nbsp;You&nbsp;<BR>should&nbsp;be&nbsp;able&nbsp;to&nbsp;obtain&nbsp;most&nbsp;information&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;document.&nbsp;This&nbsp;FAQ&nbsp;just&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>gives&nbsp;you&nbsp;some&nbsp;hints.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>1.&nbsp;How&nbsp;does&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;differ&nbsp;from&nbsp;Erich's&nbsp;original&nbsp;GRUB?&nbsp;<BR>GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;successor&nbsp;of&nbsp;Erich's&nbsp;great&nbsp;GRUB.&nbsp;He&nbsp;couldn't&nbsp;work&nbsp;on&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>because&nbsp;of&nbsp;some&nbsp;other&nbsp;tasks,&nbsp;so&nbsp;the&nbsp;current&nbsp;maintainer&nbsp;Gordon&nbsp;Matzigkeit&nbsp;took&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>over&nbsp;the&nbsp;maintainership,&nbsp;and&nbsp;opened&nbsp;the&nbsp;development&nbsp;in&nbsp;order&nbsp;for&nbsp;everybody&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>to&nbsp;participate&nbsp;it.&nbsp;<BR>Technically&nbsp;speaking,&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;has&nbsp;many&nbsp;features&nbsp;that&nbsp;are&nbsp;not&nbsp;seen&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>original&nbsp;GRUB.&nbsp;For&nbsp;example,&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;can&nbsp;be&nbsp;installed&nbsp;on&nbsp;UNIX-like&nbsp;operating&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>system&nbsp;(i.e.&nbsp;GNU/Linux)&nbsp;via&nbsp;the&nbsp;grub&nbsp;shell&nbsp;/sbin/grub,&nbsp;it&nbsp;supports&nbsp;Logical&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>Block&nbsp;Address&nbsp;(LBA)&nbsp;mode&nbsp;that&nbsp;solves&nbsp;the&nbsp;1024&nbsp;cylinders&nbsp;problem,&nbsp;and&nbsp;TAB&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>completes&nbsp;a&nbsp;filename&nbsp;when&nbsp;it's&nbsp;unique.&nbsp;Of&nbsp;course,&nbsp;many&nbsp;bug&nbsp;fixes&nbsp;are&nbsp;done&nbsp;as&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>well,&nbsp;so&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;recommended&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;GRUB.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>2.&nbsp;Can&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;boot&nbsp;my&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;from&nbsp;over&nbsp;8GB&nbsp;hard&nbsp;disks?&nbsp;<BR>That&nbsp;depends&nbsp;on&nbsp;your&nbsp;BIOS&nbsp;and&nbsp;your&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system.&nbsp;You&nbsp;must&nbsp;make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;that&nbsp;<BR>your&nbsp;drive&nbsp;is&nbsp;accessible&nbsp;in&nbsp;LBA&nbsp;mode.&nbsp;Generally,&nbsp;that&nbsp;is&nbsp;configurable&nbsp;in&nbsp;BIOS&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>setting&nbsp;utility.&nbsp;Read&nbsp;the&nbsp;manual&nbsp;for&nbsp;your&nbsp;BIOS&nbsp;for&nbsp;more&nbsp;information.&nbsp;<BR>Furthermore,&nbsp;some&nbsp;operating&nbsp;systems&nbsp;(i.e.&nbsp;DOS)&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;access&nbsp;any&nbsp;large&nbsp;disk,&nbsp;<BR>so&nbsp;the&nbsp;problem&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;solved&nbsp;by&nbsp;any&nbsp;kind&nbsp;of&nbsp;bootloader.&nbsp;As&nbsp;long&nbsp;as&nbsp;I&nbsp;know,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>at&nbsp;least&nbsp;GNU/Hurd&nbsp;and&nbsp;GNU/Linux&nbsp;can&nbsp;boot&nbsp;from&nbsp;such&nbsp;a&nbsp;large&nbsp;disk.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>3.&nbsp;Can&nbsp;I&nbsp;put&nbsp;Stage2&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;partition&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;over&nbsp;1024&nbsp;cylinders?&nbsp;<BR>Yes,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can,&nbsp;if&nbsp;your&nbsp;BIOS&nbsp;supports&nbsp;LBA&nbsp;mode.&nbsp;Although&nbsp;you&nbsp;had&nbsp;to&nbsp;use&nbsp;a&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>special&nbsp;Stage1&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;previous&nbsp;version,&nbsp;it&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;necessary&nbsp;any&nbsp;longer,&nbsp;because&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>Stage1&nbsp;now&nbsp;supports&nbsp;both&nbsp;modes.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>4.&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;create&nbsp;a&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;boot&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;menu&nbsp;interface?&nbsp;<BR>Create&nbsp;a&nbsp;normal&nbsp;boot&nbsp;floppy,&nbsp;which&nbsp;is&nbsp;described&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;manual.&nbsp;<BR>Make&nbsp;a&nbsp;filesystem&nbsp;in&nbsp;another&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;and&nbsp;copy&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;images&nbsp;and&nbsp;your&nbsp;configuration&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>file&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;floppy.Boot&nbsp;your&nbsp;machine&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;normal&nbsp;boot&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;and&nbsp;exchange&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;filesystem-containing&nbsp;floppy.&nbsp;<BR>Install&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;into&nbsp;the&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;way&nbsp;as&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;hard&nbsp;disk.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>5.&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;specify&nbsp;a&nbsp;partition?&nbsp;That&nbsp;seems&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;very&nbsp;different&nbsp;from&nbsp;my&nbsp;opera&nbsp;<BR>ting&nbsp;system...&nbsp;<BR>Yes,&nbsp;GRUB's&nbsp;device&nbsp;syntax&nbsp;is&nbsp;very&nbsp;different&nbsp;from&nbsp;others,&nbsp;but&nbsp;somewhat&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>resembles&nbsp;DOS&nbsp;and&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;98.&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;distinguish&nbsp;between&nbsp;IDE&nbsp;and&nbsp;SCSI,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>so&nbsp;your&nbsp;hard&nbsp;disk&nbsp;drives&nbsp;are&nbsp;represented&nbsp;as&nbsp;(hd%d)&nbsp;(%d&nbsp;is&nbsp;an&nbsp;integer,&nbsp;counted&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>from&nbsp;zero).&nbsp;Likewise,&nbsp;your&nbsp;floppy&nbsp;drives&nbsp;are&nbsp;represented&nbsp;as&nbsp;(fd%d).&nbsp;<BR>The&nbsp;point&nbsp;that&nbsp;confuses&nbsp;the&nbsp;users&nbsp;very&nbsp;much&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;partition&nbsp;numbering&nbsp;style.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>GRUB&nbsp;counts&nbsp;partitions&nbsp;from&nbsp;zero,&nbsp;while&nbsp;almost&nbsp;all&nbsp;operating&nbsp;systems&nbsp;count&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;from&nbsp;one.&nbsp;We&nbsp;will&nbsp;fix&nbsp;the&nbsp;inconsistency&nbsp;someday.&nbsp;<BR>6.&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;does&nbsp;not&nbsp;recognize&nbsp;my&nbsp;GNU/Hurd&nbsp;partition.&nbsp;<BR>I&nbsp;don't&nbsp;know&nbsp;why,&nbsp;but&nbsp;the&nbsp;authors&nbsp;of&nbsp;FDISK&nbsp;programs&nbsp;have&nbsp;assigned&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>partition&nbsp;type&nbsp;0x63&nbsp;to&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Hurd&nbsp;incorrectly.&nbsp;A&nbsp;partition&nbsp;type&nbsp;should&nbsp;mean&nbsp;what&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>format&nbsp;is&nbsp;used&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;partition,&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;filesystem&nbsp;and&nbsp;BSD&nbsp;slices,&nbsp;and&nbsp;should&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>not&nbsp;be&nbsp;used&nbsp;to&nbsp;represent&nbsp;what&nbsp;operating&nbsp;system&nbsp;owns&nbsp;the&nbsp;partition.&nbsp;So&nbsp;use&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>0x83&nbsp;if&nbsp;the&nbsp;partition&nbsp;contains&nbsp;ext2fs&nbsp;filesystem,&nbsp;and&nbsp;use&nbsp;0xA5&nbsp;if&nbsp;the&nbsp;partition&nbsp;<BR>contains&nbsp;ffs&nbsp;fielsystem,&nbsp;whether&nbsp;the&nbsp;partition&nbsp;owner&nbsp;is&nbsp;Hurd&nbsp;or&nbsp;not.&nbsp;We&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>will&nbsp;use&nbsp;0x63&nbsp;for&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;Hurd&nbsp;filesystem&nbsp;that&nbsp;has&nbsp;not&nbsp;been&nbsp;implemented&nbsp;yet.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>7.&nbsp;I've&nbsp;installed&nbsp;a&nbsp;recent&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;binutils,&nbsp;but&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;still&nbsp;crashes&nbsp;in&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>the&nbsp;bootstrap.Please&nbsp;check&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;version&nbsp;of&nbsp;your&nbsp;binutils&nbsp;by&nbsp;this&nbsp;command:&nbsp;<BR>$&nbsp;ld&nbsp;-v&nbsp;<BR>This&nbsp;will&nbsp;show&nbsp;two&nbsp;versions,&nbsp;but&nbsp;only&nbsp;the&nbsp;latter&nbsp;is&nbsp;important.&nbsp;If&nbsp;the&nbsp;version&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>is&nbsp;identical&nbsp;with&nbsp;what&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;installed,&nbsp;the&nbsp;installation&nbsp;was&nbsp;not&nbsp;bad.Well,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>please&nbsp;try:&nbsp;<BR>$&nbsp;gcc&nbsp;-Wl,-v&nbsp;2&gt;&amp;1&nbsp;|&nbsp;grep&nbsp;&quot;GNU&nbsp;ld&quot;&nbsp;<BR>If&nbsp;this&nbsp;is&nbsp;not&nbsp;identical&nbsp;with&nbsp;the&nbsp;result&nbsp;above,&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;specify&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>directory&nbsp;where&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;installed&nbsp;binutils&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;script&nbsp;configure,&nbsp;like&nbsp;this:&nbsp;<BR>$&nbsp;./configure&nbsp;--with-binutils=/usr/local/bin&nbsp;<BR>If&nbsp;you&nbsp;follow&nbsp;the&nbsp;instructions&nbsp;above&nbsp;but&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;still&nbsp;crashes,&nbsp;probably&nbsp;there&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>is&nbsp;a&nbsp;serious&nbsp;bug&nbsp;in&nbsp;GRUB.&nbsp;Please&nbsp;report&nbsp;it&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;list&nbsp;&lt;bug-<A HREF="mailto:grub@gnu.org>.">grub@gnu.org>.</A>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>8.&nbsp;How&nbsp;can&nbsp;I&nbsp;specify&nbsp;an&nbsp;arbitrary&nbsp;memory&nbsp;size&nbsp;to&nbsp;Linux?&nbsp;<BR>Pass&nbsp;a&nbsp;mem=&nbsp;option&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;like&nbsp;this:&nbsp;<BR>grub&gt;&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;/vmlinuz&nbsp;mem=128M&nbsp;<BR>You&nbsp;may&nbsp;pass&nbsp;other&nbsp;options&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;way.&nbsp;See&nbsp;the&nbsp;documentation&nbsp;for&nbsp;Linux,&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;for&nbsp;available&nbsp;options.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>9.&nbsp;How&nbsp;to&nbsp;boot&nbsp;Windows&nbsp;(or&nbsp;DOS)&nbsp;from&nbsp;a&nbsp;non-first&nbsp;disk?&nbsp;<BR>Use&nbsp;the&nbsp;command&nbsp;map,&nbsp;to&nbsp;exchange&nbsp;BIOS&nbsp;drives&nbsp;virtually,&nbsp;like&nbsp;this:&nbsp;<BR>grub&gt;&nbsp;map&nbsp;(hd0)&nbsp;(hd1)&nbsp;<BR>grub&gt;&nbsp;map&nbsp;(hd1)&nbsp;(hd0)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>10.&nbsp;Why&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;(FreeBSD,&nbsp;NetBSD,&nbsp;etc.)&nbsp;become&nbsp;Multiboot-compliant?&nbsp;<BR>Please&nbsp;ask&nbsp;the&nbsp;maintainers.&nbsp;If&nbsp;all&nbsp;free&nbsp;kernels&nbsp;were&nbsp;Multiboot-compliant,&nbsp;th&nbsp;<BR>e&nbsp;world&nbsp;would&nbsp;be&nbsp;an&nbsp;utopia...&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>[Japanese]&nbsp;<BR>Return&nbsp;to&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;GRUB&nbsp;webpage&nbsp;/&nbsp;GNU's&nbsp;home&nbsp;page.&nbsp;<BR>Please&nbsp;send&nbsp;FSF&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;GNU&nbsp;inquiries&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;questions&nbsp;to&nbsp;<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org.">gnu@gnu.org.</A>&nbsp;There&nbsp;are&nbsp;also&nbsp;o&nbsp;<BR>ther&nbsp;ways&nbsp;to&nbsp;contact&nbsp;the&nbsp;FSF.&nbsp;<BR>Please&nbsp;send&nbsp;comments&nbsp;on&nbsp;these&nbsp;web&nbsp;pages&nbsp;to&nbsp;<A HREF="mailto:webmasters@www.gnu.org,">webmasters@www.gnu.org,</A>&nbsp;send&nbsp;othe&nbsp;<BR>r&nbsp;questions&nbsp;to&nbsp;<A HREF="mailto:gnu@gnu.org.">gnu@gnu.org.</A>&nbsp;<BR>Copyright&nbsp;(C)&nbsp;1999,2000&nbsp;OKUJI&nbsp;Yoshinori&nbsp;<BR>Verbatim&nbsp;copying&nbsp;and&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;of&nbsp;this&nbsp;entire&nbsp;article&nbsp;is&nbsp;permitted&nbsp;in&nbsp;any&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;medium,&nbsp;provided&nbsp;this&nbsp;notice&nbsp;is&nbsp;preserved.&nbsp;<BR>Last&nbsp;modified:&nbsp;Wed&nbsp;Jun&nbsp;28&nbsp;01:14:52&nbsp;JST&nbsp;2000&nbsp;<BR>----------------------------------------------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>----&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>--&nbsp;<BR>※&nbsp;来源:·BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;smth.org·[FROM:&nbsp;166.111.167.59]&nbsp;<BR><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER></BODY></HTML>
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