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<TITLE>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</TITLE></HEAD><BODY><CENTER><H1>BBS水木清华站∶精华区</H1></CENTER>发信人:&nbsp;dfbb&nbsp;(赵无忌),&nbsp;信区:&nbsp;Linux&nbsp;<BR>标&nbsp;&nbsp;题:&nbsp;(X)Emacs&nbsp;速成&nbsp;<BR>发信站:&nbsp;BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;(Sat&nbsp;Nov&nbsp;&nbsp;8&nbsp;21:04:30&nbsp;1997)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>这篇文章,&nbsp;希望能有更多人喜欢&nbsp;emacs.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>------------------------------------&nbsp;<BR>Emacs&nbsp;启动:&nbsp;<BR>直接打emacs,&nbsp;如果有X-windows就会开视窗.&nbsp;如果不想用X&nbsp;的版本,&nbsp;<BR>就用&nbsp;emacs&nbsp;-nw&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(No&nbsp;windows)起动.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>符号说明&nbsp;<BR>C-X&nbsp;表示按住CTRL键,&nbsp;然後按X,&nbsp;再把CTRL,&nbsp;X一起放开.&nbsp;<BR>M-X&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;META&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;META&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;在没有META键的电脑上,&nbsp;M-X&nbsp;等於先按&nbsp;ESC键,&nbsp;接著按&nbsp;X键.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;Sun上面META键就是菱形的那个键.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;有些系统META键就是ALT键.(或者某一边的ALT键)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;C-X或&nbsp;M-X的X没有大小写分别.&nbsp;<BR>Emacs按键命令基本上是一串C-&lt;chr&gt;和M-&lt;chr&gt;组成的.&nbsp;<BR>超过两个以上的按键命令,&nbsp;Emacs会在萤幕最下面一行显示你按过什麽.&nbsp;<BR>这一行叫作mini&nbsp;buffer&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>结束Emacs按&nbsp;C-x&nbsp;C-c&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>取消执行&nbsp;C-g&nbsp;<BR>有些Emacs命令会跑很久,&nbsp;可以用C-g中断之.&nbsp;按错键也可以按C-g取消.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>上下移动&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C-p&nbsp;向上&nbsp;(previous&nbsp;line)&nbsp;C-n向下(next&nbsp;line)&nbsp;<BR>左右移动&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C-f&nbsp;向右&nbsp;(forward)&nbsp;C-b&nbsp;向左&nbsp;(backward)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;其实Emacs内部没有行的概念,&nbsp;把一篇文章放在一个大buffer&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;里面,&nbsp;所以C-f&nbsp;(forward)就是向档尾移动,&nbsp;C-b&nbsp;(backward)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;是移回去的意思,&nbsp;一次一个字.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>翻页&nbsp;&nbsp;下一页&nbsp;C-v&nbsp;(view&nbsp;next&nbsp;screen)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;上一页&nbsp;M-v&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;翻页时,上一页末尾会留一点在萤幕最上面,以维持连续性.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Emacs在游标接近萤幕最下方时会自动跳半页,&nbsp;把档案往前挪一点,&nbsp;<BR>方便阅读.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>重画萤幕&nbsp;C-L&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Emacs里面游标的专有名词叫point.&nbsp;point&nbsp;==&nbsp;游标目前的&nbsp;点&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>游标一次跳一个字(word)&nbsp;M-f&nbsp;&nbsp;往後跳&nbsp;M-b&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;注意&nbsp;C-f&nbsp;与&nbsp;M-f,&nbsp;C-b&nbsp;与&nbsp;M-b的对称性.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>移到行头&nbsp;C-a&nbsp;&nbsp;行尾&nbsp;C-e&nbsp;<BR>移到句首&nbsp;M-a&nbsp;&nbsp;到句尾&nbsp;M-e&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;(M-a&nbsp;到上一个句点後面,一个句子的起头.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;M-e&nbsp;到句点後面)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>移到档头&nbsp;M-&lt;&nbsp;档尾&nbsp;M-&gt;&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>删除游标目前指的/後面的字&nbsp;C-d&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;前面的字&nbsp;DEL&nbsp;&nbsp;(Delete键)&nbsp;<BR>DEL的正名叫Rubout&nbsp;(Rub&nbsp;out)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>M-DEL&nbsp;往回删一个字(word)&nbsp;<BR>M-d&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;往前删&nbsp;(游标後面)&nbsp;<BR>C-k&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;删至行尾&nbsp;(kill)&nbsp;<BR>M-k&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;删到一句子结尾(删到句点)&nbsp;(kill)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>注意Backspace&nbsp;=&nbsp;C-h&nbsp;在Emacs下是help的意思&nbsp;<BR>後面有(kill)的,&nbsp;表示此删除的动作是kill,&nbsp;不太等於delete.&nbsp;<BR>emacs会把kill掉的东西放到kill&nbsp;ring去,&nbsp;算是一种暂存的地方,&nbsp;<BR>以後可以叫出来.见&nbsp;yank说明.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Undo:&nbsp;C-x&nbsp;u&nbsp;<BR>C-_&nbsp;等於&nbsp;C-x&nbsp;u&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有些DEC终端机,&nbsp;C-/就是C-_&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;有时等於C-Shift-&nbsp;-&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>重复执行&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>举例,&nbsp;向右移&nbsp;8个字,&nbsp;C-u&nbsp;8&nbsp;C-f&nbsp;<BR>C-u&nbsp;在Emacs里是蛮特别的,用来设定一些引数(argument/repeat&nbsp;count)&nbsp;<BR>给其後的命令.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-u&nbsp;2&nbsp;0&nbsp;C-n&nbsp;向下移&nbsp;20行&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>有一个特别的例外,&nbsp;C-u&nbsp;3&nbsp;C-v&nbsp;不是翻三页,&nbsp;而是整个萤幕向上移三行.&nbsp;<BR>据说这比较有意义.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-u&nbsp;1&nbsp;0&nbsp;C-x&nbsp;u&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;UNDO&nbsp;10次&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>给C-L一个引数会怎麽样:&nbsp;<BR>C-u&nbsp;0&nbsp;C-l&nbsp;会重画萤幕,并且把目前的行移到萤幕第一行.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>另外,&nbsp;C-u&nbsp;100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;等於&nbsp;M-100&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C-u&nbsp;数字&nbsp;&nbsp;等於&nbsp;M-数字&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>X&nbsp;windows&nbsp;下,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>C-left&nbsp;C-right&nbsp;一次移一个字(word).&nbsp;<BR>C-up&nbsp;C-down&nbsp;移动一段&nbsp;(paragraphs/C语言的话是block)&nbsp;<BR>Home&nbsp;=&nbsp;C-a&nbsp;<BR>End&nbsp;=&nbsp;C-e&nbsp;<BR>C-Home&nbsp;=&nbsp;M-&lt;&nbsp;<BR>C-end&nbsp;=&nbsp;M-&gt;&nbsp;<BR>PgUp&nbsp;PgDn&nbsp;=&nbsp;M-v&nbsp;C-v&nbsp;<BR>设定重覆次数更加简单,&nbsp;<BR>比如要向右移10个字&nbsp;C-1&nbsp;C-0&nbsp;right-arrow&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;就是按住CTRL,&nbsp;然後打10就对了,&nbsp;比&nbsp;C-u&nbsp;1&nbsp;0&nbsp;简单.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Mouse中键用来选取有hi-light的地方.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;右键是menu-button&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>如果不小心按两次ESC,&nbsp;等於&nbsp;M-ESC,&nbsp;&nbsp;会有一个讯息跑出来&nbsp;<BR>说你按到一个被disable的命令.&nbsp;这是高级指令,&nbsp;作者认为&nbsp;<BR>初学者用不道,所以会问你要不要启动它,&nbsp;一般回答no.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>如果某一行太长,&nbsp;萤幕显示不下,&nbsp;Emacs会在萤幕最右边打个$,&nbsp;<BR>表示此行未完,右边还有.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>把一行拆成两行:&nbsp;在想拆处按Enter即可.&nbsp;<BR>合并两行为一行:&nbsp;在行尾按C-d&nbsp;(或行首按DEL)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Yank:&nbsp;吐出被删掉的(killed)东西.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>只要用kill&nbsp;(C-k,&nbsp;M-k等)&nbsp;删除,&nbsp;超过一个字的资料,&nbsp;<BR>emacs就会把它存起来,&nbsp;然後C-y&nbsp;可以把它叫出来.&nbsp;<BR>功能跟Cut&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;Paste一样.&nbsp;Kill&nbsp;和delete不一样,&nbsp;只有被&nbsp;<BR>kill掉的东西才能用yank吐回来.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>游标在同一地方不动,&nbsp;连续kill掉的资料会被当成一次kill掉的,&nbsp;<BR>yank时会一起回来.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>被Kill掉的资料是放在称作&nbsp;kill&nbsp;ring的资料结构上面,&nbsp;ring就是个圆圈,&nbsp;<BR>被kill掉的东西会依序摆在圆圈上.&nbsp;yank&nbsp;会放回最近一次kill掉的资料.&nbsp;<BR>如果不是你想要的话,&nbsp;用M-y&nbsp;可以换.&nbsp;&nbsp;(M-y就是告诉emacs,&nbsp;不对不对,&nbsp;<BR>我不是要这一个,换前一个给我).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>M-y&nbsp;要紧接在C-y之後.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>拷贝文字的方法==&nbsp;连续&nbsp;C-k&nbsp;几次,&nbsp;&nbsp;把要拷贝的行全部删掉,&nbsp;<BR>然後按&nbsp;C-y&nbsp;弄回来.&nbsp;再到想复制的地方按一次C-y,&nbsp;就成了.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>把要拷贝的资料kill掉在yank回来好像很笨.&nbsp;是有比较文明的&nbsp;<BR>方法,&nbsp;那就是M-w,&nbsp;不过较麻烦.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>首先,要先设标记.&nbsp;Mark&nbsp;用&nbsp;C-SPC&nbsp;或&nbsp;C-@&nbsp;设.&nbsp;然候&nbsp;<BR>把游标移到另一端,&nbsp;按&nbsp;M-w&nbsp;就可以把&nbsp;mark&nbsp;到&nbsp;point间的&nbsp;<BR>字存到kill&nbsp;ring上.&nbsp;point&nbsp;就是游标的意思.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Emacs不会把Mark起来的地方用highlight表示,&nbsp;除非在X下.&nbsp;<BR>在X下,&nbsp;可以用M-w&nbsp;来拷贝用滑鼠反白的文字.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>kill&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;yank&nbsp;就是&nbsp;cut&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;paste的意思.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>以上大部份指令对Bash的命令列编辑也有效&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>档案操作&nbsp;<BR>读档:&nbsp;Emacs术语叫&nbsp;finding&nbsp;a&nbsp;file.&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;C-f&nbsp;然後在mini-buffer输入档名.&nbsp;输入档名时,&nbsp;SPC键有&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;auto-complete的功能,或者会秀出到目前为止档名前几&nbsp;<BR>个字和输入一样的.&nbsp;(TAB键也有类似功能)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;C-f&nbsp;叫&nbsp;find-file&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;C-s&nbsp;存档&nbsp;(save&nbsp;current&nbsp;file,&nbsp;save&nbsp;current&nbsp;buffer)&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;s&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;存所有的档&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;i&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;插入档案&nbsp;&nbsp;把另外的档案的内容读入目前编辑区内&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>视窗&nbsp;<BR>Emacs把档案读进来,存在buffer中.&nbsp;<BR>我们透过window来看/编辑buffer.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>两个视窗会把萤幕切成两部份,&nbsp;他们可以同时显示&nbsp;<BR>相同的,&nbsp;或不同的档案.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>对初学者而言,&nbsp;最需要的是记住怎样让不想要的视窗消失:&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;0&nbsp;关掉目前的视窗&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;1&nbsp;会让目前的视窗占满整个萤幕&nbsp;(One&nbsp;Window),&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;取消/关掉其他的视窗.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>Emacs里面有许多功能都会开一个小视窗来和使用者沟通,&nbsp;显示讯息.&nbsp;<BR>有时候不会自动消失很讨厌,&nbsp;C-x&nbsp;1&nbsp;就很有用.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>另一个功能是如何跳到另一个视窗.&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;o&nbsp;&nbsp;(other-window)&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;2&nbsp;把目前的视窗切成两个&nbsp;(水平分割)&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(垂直分割)&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;4&nbsp;是一串与视窗有关的指令.&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;4&nbsp;是一串与视窗有关的指令.&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;5&nbsp;则是扩展到X的视窗,&nbsp;称为frame.&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;C-x&nbsp;5&nbsp;2&nbsp;就是再开另一个X视窗&nbsp;(frame).&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>&nbsp;<BR>多档编辑&nbsp;<BR>C-x&nbsp;C-b&nbsp;看目前有那些buffer&nbsp;(buffer就是emacs放开起的档案的地方).&nbsp;<BR>
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