00000063.htm

一份很好的linux入门资料

Edit&nbsp;the&nbsp;/etc/lilo.conf&nbsp;file&nbsp;to&nbsp;add&nbsp;your&nbsp;new&nbsp;kernel.&nbsp;Use&nbsp;the&nbsp;lines&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
image=/vmlinuz&nbsp;line&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;next&nbsp;image=&nbsp;line&nbsp;or&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>
end.&nbsp;Duplicate&nbsp;what&nbsp;you&nbsp;see,&nbsp;then&nbsp;change&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;line&nbsp;to&nbsp;image=/zImage&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
(assuming&nbsp;your&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;is&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;root&nbsp;directory)&nbsp;and
&nbsp;<BR>
choose&nbsp;a&nbsp;different&nbsp;name&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;label=.&nbsp;The&nbsp;first&nbsp;image&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
default,&nbsp;others&nbsp;will&nbsp;have&nbsp;to&nbsp;be&nbsp;specified&nbsp;on&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>
command&nbsp;line&nbsp;in&nbsp;order&nbsp;to&nbsp;boot&nbsp;them.&nbsp;Save&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;and&nbsp;type:&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
lilo
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
You&nbsp;will&nbsp;now&nbsp;see&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;labels,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;one&nbsp;will&nbsp;have&nbsp;an&nbsp;asterisk.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
If&nbsp;you&nbsp;don't&nbsp;see&nbsp;the&nbsp;label&nbsp;that&nbsp;you&nbsp;gave&nbsp;your&nbsp;new&nbsp;kernel
&nbsp;<BR>
or&nbsp;LILO&nbsp;terminates&nbsp;with&nbsp;an&nbsp;error,&nbsp;you'll&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;redo&nbsp;your&nbsp;work&nbsp;in&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
/etc/lilo.conf&nbsp;(see&nbsp;LILO&nbsp;man&nbsp;pages).&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
We're&nbsp;almost&nbsp;ready&nbsp;to&nbsp;reboot.&nbsp;At&nbsp;this&nbsp;point,&nbsp;if&nbsp;you&nbsp;know&nbsp;your&nbsp;system&nbsp;will&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
only&nbsp;require&nbsp;one&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;to&nbsp;run&nbsp;properly,&nbsp;you&nbsp;might&nbsp;want
&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;issue&nbsp;the&nbsp;command:&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
depmod&nbsp;-a&nbsp;2.0.x
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
where&nbsp;x&nbsp;is&nbsp;the&nbsp;minor&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;you&nbsp;just&nbsp;built.&nbsp;This&nbsp;command&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
creates&nbsp;the&nbsp;dependencies&nbsp;file&nbsp;some&nbsp;modules&nbsp;need.&nbsp;You'll
&nbsp;<BR>
also&nbsp;want&nbsp;to&nbsp;make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;you&nbsp;don't&nbsp;boot&nbsp;directly&nbsp;into&nbsp;xdm.&nbsp;For&nbsp;Red&nbsp;Hat&nbsp;type&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
systems,&nbsp;this&nbsp;means&nbsp;ensuring&nbsp;the&nbsp;/etc/inittab&nbsp;file&nbsp;doesn't
&nbsp;<BR>
have&nbsp;a&nbsp;default&nbsp;run&nbsp;level&nbsp;of&nbsp;5,&nbsp;or&nbsp;that&nbsp;you&nbsp;remember&nbsp;to&nbsp;pass&nbsp;LILO&nbsp;the&nbsp;run&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
level&nbsp;at&nbsp;boot&nbsp;time.&nbsp;For&nbsp;Debian&nbsp;systems,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;just&nbsp;type:
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
mv&nbsp;/etc/init.d/xdm&nbsp;/etc/init.d/xdm.orig
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
for&nbsp;now&nbsp;and&nbsp;move&nbsp;it&nbsp;back&nbsp;later.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Normal&nbsp;Rebooting&nbsp;the&nbsp;New&nbsp;Kernel
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Reboot&nbsp;your&nbsp;machine&nbsp;using:&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
shutdown&nbsp;-r&nbsp;now
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
While&nbsp;typing&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;or&nbsp;pressing&nbsp;the&nbsp;ctrl+alt+del&nbsp;key&nbsp;combination&nbsp;usually&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
works,&nbsp;I&nbsp;don't&nbsp;recommend&nbsp;either&nbsp;one.&nbsp;Under
&nbsp;<BR>
some&nbsp;circumstances,&nbsp;the&nbsp;file&nbsp;systems&nbsp;won't&nbsp;be&nbsp;properly&nbsp;unmounted&nbsp;and&nbsp;could&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
corrupt&nbsp;open&nbsp;files.&nbsp;At&nbsp;the&nbsp;LILO&nbsp;prompt,&nbsp;if&nbsp;you&nbsp;need
&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;boot&nbsp;the&nbsp;old&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;or&nbsp;pass&nbsp;some&nbsp;parameters&nbsp;for&nbsp;bootup&nbsp;and&nbsp;you&nbsp;don't&nbsp;see&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;boot:&nbsp;prompt,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;try&nbsp;pressing&nbsp;either&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>
shift&nbsp;or&nbsp;ctrl&nbsp;key,&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;boot:&nbsp;prompt&nbsp;should&nbsp;appear.&nbsp;Once&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;it,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
press&nbsp;tab&nbsp;to&nbsp;see&nbsp;the&nbsp;available&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;labels.&nbsp;Type
&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;label&nbsp;and&nbsp;optionally&nbsp;enter&nbsp;any&nbsp;parameters&nbsp;for&nbsp;bootup.&nbsp;Normally,&nbsp;however,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;default&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;should&nbsp;boot&nbsp;automatically&nbsp;after&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>
timeout&nbsp;interval&nbsp;specified&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;/etc/lilo.conf&nbsp;file.&nbsp;During&nbsp;bootup,&nbsp;you&nbsp;may&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
see&nbsp;a&nbsp;few&nbsp;error&nbsp;messages&nbsp;containing:&nbsp;SIOCADDR&nbsp;or
&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;like.&nbsp;These&nbsp;usually&nbsp;indicate&nbsp;that&nbsp;a&nbsp;module&nbsp;(normally&nbsp;a&nbsp;network&nbsp;module)&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
didn't&nbsp;load.&nbsp;We'll&nbsp;handle&nbsp;this&nbsp;shortly.&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;got&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>
error,&nbsp;``VFS,&nbsp;cannot&nbsp;mount&nbsp;root'',&nbsp;you&nbsp;didn't&nbsp;compile&nbsp;the&nbsp;proper&nbsp;disk&nbsp;or&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
file-system&nbsp;support&nbsp;into&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Troubleshooting
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Due&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;different&nbsp;ways&nbsp;in&nbsp;which&nbsp;each&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;handles&nbsp;daemon&nbsp;startup&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
from&nbsp;/etc/inittab,&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;difficult&nbsp;in&nbsp;this&nbsp;article&nbsp;to&nbsp;cover&nbsp;all
&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;possible&nbsp;reasons&nbsp;your&nbsp;bootup&nbsp;may&nbsp;not&nbsp;have&nbsp;gone&nbsp;smoothly&nbsp;and&nbsp;the&nbsp;reasons&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
why.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;I&nbsp;can&nbsp;tell&nbsp;you&nbsp;where&nbsp;to&nbsp;start
&nbsp;<BR>
looking.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
First,&nbsp;run&nbsp;depmod&nbsp;-a&nbsp;to&nbsp;ensure&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;an&nbsp;up-to-date,&nbsp;module&nbsp;dependency&nbsp;file&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
(it&nbsp;will&nbsp;be&nbsp;created&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;appropriate
&nbsp;<BR>
subdirectory).&nbsp;If&nbsp;you&nbsp;get&nbsp;a&nbsp;string&nbsp;of&nbsp;errors&nbsp;about&nbsp;unresolved&nbsp;dependencies,&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
old&nbsp;modules&nbsp;are&nbsp;present&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;modules&nbsp;subdirectories,
&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;you&nbsp;didn't&nbsp;configure&nbsp;the&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;with&nbsp;``Module&nbsp;Versions''&nbsp;enabled.&nbsp;This&nbsp;is&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
not&nbsp;a&nbsp;fatal&nbsp;error.&nbsp;The&nbsp;modules&nbsp;you&nbsp;compiled&nbsp;and
&nbsp;<BR>
installed&nbsp;are&nbsp;good.&nbsp;Check&nbsp;the&nbsp;/etc/conf.modules&nbsp;file&nbsp;and&nbsp;make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;that&nbsp;any&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
lines&nbsp;pointing&nbsp;to&nbsp;/lib/modules&nbsp;are&nbsp;complete:&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
/lib/modules/`uname&nbsp;-r`/xx
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
(Note:&nbsp;the&nbsp;grave&nbsp;quote&nbsp;on&nbsp;each&nbsp;side&nbsp;of&nbsp;uname&nbsp;-r&nbsp;is&nbsp;located&nbsp;above&nbsp;the&nbsp;Tab&nbsp;key&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
in&nbsp;the&nbsp;upper&nbsp;left&nbsp;corner&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;keyboard&nbsp;on&nbsp;a
&nbsp;<BR>
U.S.&nbsp;keyboard).&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Make&nbsp;sure&nbsp;kerneld&nbsp;is&nbsp;running&nbsp;and&nbsp;that&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;loaded&nbsp;early&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;bootup&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
process.&nbsp;If&nbsp;it&nbsp;is,&nbsp;then&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;doesn't&nbsp;need&nbsp;to&nbsp;explicitly
&nbsp;<BR>
load&nbsp;modules,&nbsp;kerneld&nbsp;will&nbsp;handle&nbsp;it.&nbsp;Be&nbsp;careful&nbsp;about&nbsp;calling&nbsp;kerneld&nbsp;too&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
early&nbsp;in&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;rc&nbsp;script.&nbsp;kerneld&nbsp;will&nbsp;stop&nbsp;the&nbsp;bootup
&nbsp;<BR>
process&nbsp;forcing&nbsp;a&nbsp;hard&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;via&nbsp;the&nbsp;reset&nbsp;button&nbsp;or&nbsp;power&nbsp;switch,&nbsp;if&nbsp;it&nbsp;is&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
called&nbsp;before&nbsp;the&nbsp;system&nbsp;knows&nbsp;its&nbsp;host&nbsp;name.&nbsp;If&nbsp;this
&nbsp;<BR>
happens&nbsp;to&nbsp;you,&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;passing&nbsp;LILO&nbsp;the&nbsp;-b&nbsp;argument&nbsp;which&nbsp;prevents&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
init&nbsp;from&nbsp;executing&nbsp;any&nbsp;rc&nbsp;scripts.&nbsp;Next,&nbsp;look&nbsp;in
&nbsp;<BR>
/etc/rc.d/&nbsp;at&nbsp;the&nbsp;rc,&nbsp;rc.sysinit&nbsp;and&nbsp;rc.modules&nbsp;files.&nbsp;One&nbsp;or&nbsp;more&nbsp;may&nbsp;point&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
to&nbsp;a&nbsp;directory&nbsp;such&nbsp;as&nbsp;/etc/modules/`uname&nbsp;-r`/`uname
&nbsp;<BR>
-v`&nbsp;where&nbsp;a&nbsp;list&nbsp;of&nbsp;bootup&nbsp;modules&nbsp;are&nbsp;located.&nbsp;You&nbsp;can&nbsp;just&nbsp;copy&nbsp;the&nbsp;old&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
file&nbsp;over&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;directory;&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
mkdir&nbsp;/etc/modules/`uname&nbsp;-r`&nbsp;;
&nbsp;<BR>
cp&nbsp;/etc/modules/2.0.xx/g#1&nbsp;Thu&nbsp;3&nbsp;Sep&nbsp;1997.\
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;default&nbsp;/etc/modules/`uname&nbsp;-r`/\
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;`uname&nbsp;-v`.default&quot;&quot;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Your&nbsp;system&nbsp;will&nbsp;almost&nbsp;certainly&nbsp;have&nbsp;a&nbsp;different&nbsp;date&nbsp;for&nbsp;the&nbsp;modules&nbsp;file.&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
Your&nbsp;system&nbsp;also&nbsp;may&nbsp;or&nbsp;may&nbsp;not&nbsp;use&nbsp;the&nbsp;default
&nbsp;<BR>
extension.&nbsp;Pay&nbsp;close&nbsp;attention&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;use&nbsp;of&nbsp;grave&nbsp;quotes&nbsp;and&nbsp;double&nbsp;quotes&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
in&nbsp;the&nbsp;above&nbsp;example,&nbsp;since&nbsp;both&nbsp;are&nbsp;needed&nbsp;in&nbsp;the
&nbsp;<BR>
proper&nbsp;places.&nbsp;Once&nbsp;you&nbsp;have&nbsp;found&nbsp;the&nbsp;keys&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;system,&nbsp;you&nbsp;should&nbsp;be&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
able&nbsp;to&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;into&nbsp;a&nbsp;properly&nbsp;functioning&nbsp;system.&nbsp;If
&nbsp;<BR>
you&nbsp;experience&nbsp;further&nbsp;problems,&nbsp;the&nbsp;best&nbsp;place&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;quick,&nbsp;expert&nbsp;advice&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
is&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;mailing&nbsp;list&nbsp;dedicated&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;particular
&nbsp;<BR>
distribution.&nbsp;Those&nbsp;successfully&nbsp;running&nbsp;a&nbsp;particular&nbsp;distribution&nbsp;usually&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
delight&nbsp;in&nbsp;assisting&nbsp;novices&nbsp;with&nbsp;problems&nbsp;they&nbsp;may
&nbsp;<BR>
encounter.&nbsp;Why?&nbsp;Because&nbsp;they&nbsp;hit&nbsp;the&nbsp;same&nbsp;brick&nbsp;walls&nbsp;when&nbsp;they&nbsp;were&nbsp;novices&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
and&nbsp;received&nbsp;help&nbsp;with&nbsp;many&nbsp;problems.&nbsp;Lurk&nbsp;a
&nbsp;<BR>
few&nbsp;days&nbsp;on&nbsp;a&nbsp;list,&nbsp;and&nbsp;if&nbsp;your&nbsp;question&nbsp;isn't&nbsp;asked&nbsp;by&nbsp;someone&nbsp;else,&nbsp;ask&nbsp;it&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
yourself.&nbsp;Check&nbsp;the&nbsp;mail-list&nbsp;archives&nbsp;first,&nbsp;if&nbsp;any&nbsp;are
&nbsp;<BR>
present.&nbsp;These&nbsp;archives&nbsp;contain&nbsp;answers&nbsp;to&nbsp;frequently&nbsp;asked&nbsp;questions&nbsp;(FAQ).&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
Conclusion
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
While&nbsp;building&nbsp;a&nbsp;kernel&nbsp;tailored&nbsp;to&nbsp;your&nbsp;system&nbsp;may&nbsp;seem&nbsp;a&nbsp;daunting&nbsp;challenge&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
for&nbsp;new&nbsp;administrators,&nbsp;the&nbsp;time&nbsp;spent&nbsp;is&nbsp;worth&nbsp;it.
&nbsp;<BR>
Your&nbsp;system&nbsp;will&nbsp;run&nbsp;more&nbsp;efficiently,&nbsp;and&nbsp;more&nbsp;importantly,&nbsp;you&nbsp;will&nbsp;have&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
the&nbsp;satisfaction&nbsp;of&nbsp;building&nbsp;it&nbsp;yourself.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
The&nbsp;few&nbsp;areas&nbsp;where&nbsp;you&nbsp;may&nbsp;encounter&nbsp;trouble&nbsp;are&nbsp;in&nbsp;remembering&nbsp;to&nbsp;rerun&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
LILO&nbsp;after&nbsp;installing&nbsp;the&nbsp;new&nbsp;kernel,&nbsp;but&nbsp;you&nbsp;didn't
&nbsp;<BR>
overwrite&nbsp;your&nbsp;old&nbsp;one&nbsp;(or&nbsp;did&nbsp;you?),&nbsp;so&nbsp;you&nbsp;can&nbsp;always&nbsp;revert&nbsp;to&nbsp;one&nbsp;that&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
worked&nbsp;from&nbsp;the&nbsp;lilo:&nbsp;prompt.&nbsp;Distribution&nbsp;specific
&nbsp;<BR>
problems&nbsp;during&nbsp;bootup&nbsp;may&nbsp;also&nbsp;be&nbsp;encountered&nbsp;during&nbsp;the&nbsp;first&nbsp;reboot&nbsp;but&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
are&nbsp;usually&nbsp;easily&nbsp;resolved.&nbsp;Help&nbsp;is&nbsp;normally&nbsp;only&nbsp;an
&nbsp;<BR>
e-mail&nbsp;away&nbsp;for&nbsp;those&nbsp;distributions&nbsp;that&nbsp;don't&nbsp;come&nbsp;with&nbsp;technical&nbsp;support.&nbsp;
&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>

&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
--&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;白马带著她一步步的回到中原。白马已经老了，只能慢慢的走，&nbsp;<BR>
但终是能回到中原的。江南有杨柳、桃花，有燕子、金鱼……&nbsp;<BR>
汉人中有的是英俊勇武的少年，倜傥潇洒的少年……但这个美&nbsp;<BR>
丽的姑娘就像古高昌国人那样固执:&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;「那都是很好很好的，可是我偏不喜欢。」&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>
&nbsp;<BR>
※&nbsp;来源:·BBS&nbsp;水木清华站&nbsp;bbs.net.tsinghua.edu.cn·[FROM:&nbsp;202.99.18.67]&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR>


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